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-containing multivitamins or other supplements is a must to achieve optimal iodine intake, and ensure the normal neurodevelopment of the foetus and the breastfed infant ( 17 ). Mild iodine deficiency sensitises to certain endocrine disruptors, for example, thiocyanate
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Department of Microbiology, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway
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Department of Research, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway
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://www.helsenorge.no/kosthold-og-ernaring/sma-grep-for-et-sunt-kosthold/derfor-trenger-vi-jod ). Although increasing iodine in diet may reduce the use of thyroid therapy in the pregnant population, endocrine disruptors could inhibit the uptake of iodine in the thyroid gland. Furthermore, experimental and epidemiological studies have shown that a wide
2nd Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady and Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Srobarova, Prague, Czech Republic
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Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKEM), Videnska, Prague, Czech Republic
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radiation, which is dose dependent with the highest sensitivity in childhood; however, less than 5% of all TC are associated with radiotherapy ( 6 ). (2) Environmental factors, including endocrine disrupting chemicals affecting the endocrine system, though
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energy availability can inhibit that. Other mechanisms that activate the HPA axis can also inhibit the HPG axis; for example, psychosocial stress ( 28 ), some endocrine disrupting chemicals, commonly bisphosphonates and polychlorinated biphenyls ( 29
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Becerra M Jagai JS Ard K Sargis RM . Disparities in environmental exposures to endocrine-disrupting chemicals and diabetes risk in vulnerable populations . Diabetes Care 2018 41 193 – 205 . ( https://doi.org/10.2337/dc16-2765 ) 12 Laraia
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population, variations in iodine supply, endocrine-disrupting chemicals exposure etc. ( 3 ). A recently published study accessing the iodine status through TSH measurements on newborn screening reported iodine sufficiency in Macedonia ( 21 ). Considering
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expression and may act as a potential endocrine disruptor. However, future studies should assess different E2 effects on thyroid hormone levels, evaluate the side effects, and look for the appropriate dosage of estrogen therapy in in vivo experiments. A
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patients tend to have lower levels of vitamin D and higher rates of vitamin D deficiency ( 4 , 5 ). Lead, which was previously considered an environmental neurotoxin ( 6 ), is now also known to be an endocrine disruption factor that may induce metabolic
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improvements in medical care including ultrasonography and fine-needle aspiration biopsy, environmental carcinogens, endocrine disruptors, inadequate iodine intake and exposure to radiation ( 3 ). Thyroid nodules have benign or malignant character. The risk of
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:10.1016/0963-6897(96)00079-6 ) 17 Courant F Antignac JP Maume D Monteau F Andersson AM Skakkebaek N Andre F Le Bizec B. Exposure assessment of prepubertal children to steroid endocrine disrupters 1. Analytical