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David C Llewellyn Department of Endocrinology ASO/EASO COM, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, UK

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Rajaventhan Srirajaskanthan Neuroendocrine Tumour Unit, Kings Health Partners ENETS Centre of Excellence, Denmark Hill, London, UK
Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Kings College London, London, UK

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Royce P Vincent Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Kings College London, London, UK
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, UK

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Catherine Guy Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal Sussex County Hospital, Eastern Road, Brighton, UK

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Eftychia E Drakou Department of Clinical Oncology, Guy’s Cancer Centre – Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, Great Maze Pond, London, UK

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Simon J B Aylwin Department of Endocrinology ASO/EASO COM, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, UK
Neuroendocrine Tumour Unit, Kings Health Partners ENETS Centre of Excellence, Denmark Hill, London, UK

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Ashley B Grossman Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Barts and the London School of Medicine, Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Institute, London, UK
Neuroendocrine Tumour Unit, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK

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John K Ramage Neuroendocrine Tumour Unit, Kings Health Partners ENETS Centre of Excellence, Denmark Hill, London, UK
Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Kings College London, London, UK

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Georgios K Dimitriadis Department of Endocrinology ASO/EASO COM, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, UK
Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Course Sciences, Obesity Immunometabolism and Diabetes Group, King’s College London, London, UK

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solitary cells throughout the lung or form in clusters called neuroepithelial bodies ( 13 , 14 , 15 ). They remain in adult lungs, and continue to secrete bioactive substances such as calcitonin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, serotonin, chromogranin A

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Myrtille Fouché Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France

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Yves Bouffard Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France

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Mary-Charlotte Le Goff Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France

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Johanne Prothet Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France

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François Malavieille Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France

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Pierre Sagnard Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France

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Françoise Christin Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France

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Davy Hayi-Slayman Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France

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Arnaud Pasquer Department of Visceral Surgery, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France

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Gilles Poncet Department of Visceral Surgery, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France

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Thomas Walter Department of Hepatogastroenterology and Oncology, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France

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Thomas Rimmelé Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
EA 7426 Hospices Civils de Lyon-University Claude Bernard Lyon 1-Biomérieux ‘Pathophysiology of Injury-Induced Immunosuppression’ Pi3, Lyon, France

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Introduction Small-bowel neuroendocrine tumours (SB-NETs) are rare secreting neoplasms. Hormones (serotonin, histamine, bradykinin, prostaglandins and chromogranin-A) released into the systemic circulation can lead to a carcinoid syndrome (CS

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Liza Das Department of Endocrinology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India

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Kim Vaiphei Department of Histopathology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India

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Ashutosh Rai Department of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India

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Chirag Kamal Ahuja Department of Radiology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India

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Paramjeet Singh Department of Radiology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India

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Ishani Mohapatra Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medanta, The Medicity, Gurgaon, India

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Rajesh Chhabra Department of Neurosurgery, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India

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Anil Bhansali Department of Endocrinology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India

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Bishan Dass Radotra Department of Histopathology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India

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Ashley B Grossman Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

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Márta Korbonits Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK

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Pinaki Dutta Department of Endocrinology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India

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performed on paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Antigen retrieval was performed after deparaffinisation of tissue sections and sections were stained for the following antibodies: TTF-1, vimentin, EMA, S-100, GFAP, chromogranin A, Ki67, GH, PRL, TSH, LH, FSH

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Sandeep Kumar Department of Endocrinology, Seth G S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India

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Anurag Ranjan Lila Department of Endocrinology, Seth G S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India

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Saba Samad Memon Department of Endocrinology, Seth G S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India

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Vijaya Sarathi Department of Endocrinology, Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bangalore, India

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Virendra A Patil Department of Endocrinology, Seth G S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India

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Santosh Menon Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India

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Neha Mittal Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India

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Gagan Prakash Department of Uro-oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India

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Gaurav Malhotra Department of Nuclear Medicine, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India

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Nalini S Shah Department of Endocrinology, Seth G S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India

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Tushar R Bandgar Department of Endocrinology, Seth G S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India

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synapatophysin, chromogranin A, and GATA-3 and negative for calcitonin. The patient was planned for 131 I-MIBG therapy for metastases and total thyroidectomy for MTC. Case B A 43-year-old female was referred for management of incidentally detected

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Serena Martinelli Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Mario Maggi Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Elena Rapizzi Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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cells were treated with NGF, they were able to develop neurites and to express chromogranin A and PNMT. Despite the lack of hormone production, these cells might be useful for studying signalling pathways controlling growth and metastasis as well as for

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M Ingenwerth Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg–Essen, Essen, Germany

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T Brandenburg Division of Laboratory Research, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany

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D Führer-Sakel Division of Laboratory Research, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany

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M Goetz Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg–Essen, Essen, Germany

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F Weber Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

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H Dralle Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

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H-U Schildhaus Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg–Essen, Essen, Germany

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K W Schmid Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg–Essen, Essen, Germany

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S Theurer Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg–Essen, Essen, Germany

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assure the diagnosis, every case was at least stained immunohistochemically for calcitonin and chromogranin a. All primary tumors and all lymph node metastases had a positive staining result. The presence of desmoplasia was confirmed in H&E-staining. 44

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Lin Ji Department of Cell Biology & Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China

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Huan-Tong Wu Beijing Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Health, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China

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Xiao-Yan Qin Beijing Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Health, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China

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Rongfeng Lan Department of Cell Biology & Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China

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for all prohormones. Some prohormones may be directed to secretory granules by other sorting mechanisms independent of CPE. In both wild-type and CPE-depleted Neuro-2A cells, chromogranin A was sorted to the regulated secretory pathway ( 37 ), implying

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M S Elston Department of Endocrinology, Waikato Hospital, Hamilton, New Zealand
Waikato Clinical Campus, University of Auckland, Hamilton, New Zealand

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V B Crawford Department of Endocrinology, Waikato Hospital, Hamilton, New Zealand

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M Swarbrick Department of Radiology, Waikato Hospital, Hamilton, New Zealand

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M S Dray Department of Pathology, Waikato Hospital, Hamilton, New Zealand

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M Head Department of Oncology, Tauranga Hospital, Tauranga, New Zealand

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J V Conaglen Waikato Clinical Campus, University of Auckland, Hamilton, New Zealand

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>1655 <50 nmol/L  8 mg overnight dexamethasone suppression test >1655  24-h Urinary free cortisol 36,315 35–285 nmol/24 h  Plasma ACTH 72 2–11 pmol/L  Plasma CRH 0.7 <5 pmol/L  Chromogranin A 32 <20 U

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Qi Zhang Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Hongshan Wang Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Yanhong Xie Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Suming Huang Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Ke Chen Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Botian Ye Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Yupeng Yang Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Jie Sun Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Hongyong He Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Fenglin Liu Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Zhenbin Shen Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Weidong Chen Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Kuntang Shen Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Yuan Ji Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Yihong Sun Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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in gNENs (Prof Ji and Dr Xie) reviewed and confirmed the pathologic characteristics including tumor differentiation, Ki67 index, mitotic count, immunohistochemical results (CD56, chromogranin A (CgA), and synaptophysin (Syn)), and percentage of NEN

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Samira M Sadowski Thoracic and Endocrine Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

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Emanuel Christ Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Benoit Bédat Thoracic and Endocrine Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

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Attila Kollár Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

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Wolfram Karenovics Thoracic and Endocrine Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

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Aurel Perren Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

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Frédéric Triponez Thoracic and Endocrine Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

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on behalf of the SwissNET registry
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diagnosed with liver and 3 with bone metastases at diagnosis. As for laboratory workup, data in the registry were incomplete. In 20 patients, median Chromogranin A was 60.8 (20–1773) µg/L, for a normal upper limit of 85 µg/L. In 9 patients, mean Neuron

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