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Julia Otten Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

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Andreas Stomby Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
Region Jönköping County, Jönköping, Sweden

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Maria Waling Department of Food, Nutrition and Culinary Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

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Elin Chorell Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

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Mats Ryberg Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

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Michael Svensson Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Section for Sports Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå Sweden

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Jens Juul Holst NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Tommy Olsson Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

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included 70 g turkey, one boiled egg (ca 50 g), one banana (ca 105 g), half an apple with peel (ca 30 g), and cashew nuts without salt (25 g). The meal contained 419 kcal with 34%E carbohydrates, 41%E fat, and 25%E protein. Of the total protein content of

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Marloes Emous Centre for Obesity Northern-Netherlands (CON), Medical Centre Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands

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Merel van den Broek Centre for Obesity Northern-Netherlands (CON), Medical Centre Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands

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Ragnhild B Wijma Centre for Obesity Northern-Netherlands (CON), Medical Centre Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands

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Loek J M de Heide Centre for Obesity Northern-Netherlands (CON), Medical Centre Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands

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Gertjan van Dijk GELIFES-Neurobiology, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

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Anke Laskewitz Certe Laboratories, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands

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Erik Totté Centre for Obesity Northern-Netherlands (CON), Medical Centre Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands

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Bruce H R Wolffenbuttel Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

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André P van Beek Centre for Obesity Northern-Netherlands (CON), Medical Centre Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

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at every 30 min until 210 min after the meal, patients filled in symptom-related questionnaires. The mixed meal consisted of a 200 mL liquid nutrition supplement (Abbott Ensure S Plus) containing 300 kcal, 12.5 g protein, 40.4 g carbohydrate (of

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Lei Lei Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China

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Yi-Hua Bai Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China

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Hong-Ying Jiang Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China

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Ting He Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China

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Meng Li Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China

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Jia-Ping Wang Department of Radiology, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China

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that INS is an insulin-encoding gene that regulates carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in the body ( 17 ). Therefore, the downregulation of INS can directly lead to the occurrence and development of diabetes ( 18 ). The HK2 gene is related to the

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Kathryn Lingen Close Concerns, San Francisco, California, USA

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Talia Pikounis Close Concerns, San Francisco, California, USA

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Natalie Bellini University Hospitals, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

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Diana Isaacs Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

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Button ( 25 ). The Lilly Tempo Button also can integrate with Apple Health to incorporate physical activity into the data reports, and has education embedded in the mobile app. It also has a feature that provides an estimated carbohydrate count of a

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Wouter W de Herder Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 's Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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and Gerty T Cori Radnitz Catalytic conversion of glycogen 1947 (PM) Bernardo A Houssay Anterior pituitary and carbohydrate metabolism 1939 (Ch) Adolf F J Butenandt Sex hormones 1923 (PM) Frederick G Banting, John J R Macleod Discovery of insulin 1909

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B Fabre Clinical Biochemistry Department, Hospital Carlos G. Durand Laboratory, TCba Salguero Laboratory, Hospital Carlos G. Durand Nutrition Unit, INFIBIOC, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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G Maccallini Clinical Biochemistry Department, Hospital Carlos G. Durand Laboratory, TCba Salguero Laboratory, Hospital Carlos G. Durand Nutrition Unit, INFIBIOC, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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A Oneto Clinical Biochemistry Department, Hospital Carlos G. Durand Laboratory, TCba Salguero Laboratory, Hospital Carlos G. Durand Nutrition Unit, INFIBIOC, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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D Gonzalez Clinical Biochemistry Department, Hospital Carlos G. Durand Laboratory, TCba Salguero Laboratory, Hospital Carlos G. Durand Nutrition Unit, INFIBIOC, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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V Hirschler Clinical Biochemistry Department, Hospital Carlos G. Durand Laboratory, TCba Salguero Laboratory, Hospital Carlos G. Durand Nutrition Unit, INFIBIOC, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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C Aranda Clinical Biochemistry Department, Hospital Carlos G. Durand Laboratory, TCba Salguero Laboratory, Hospital Carlos G. Durand Nutrition Unit, INFIBIOC, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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G Berg Clinical Biochemistry Department, Hospital Carlos G. Durand Laboratory, TCba Salguero Laboratory, Hospital Carlos G. Durand Nutrition Unit, INFIBIOC, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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(associated with carbohydrate intolerance), type 2 diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome in the population, particularly in children, all primarily due to changes in their lifestyle (5, 6, 7) . Insulin that is actively transported to the saliva from its

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Vita Birzniece School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Blacktown Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
Garvan Institute of Medical Research, New South Wales, Australia
School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia

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Teresa Lam School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Blacktown Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Westmead Hospital, New South Wales, Australia

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Mark McLean School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Blacktown Hospital, New South Wales, Australia

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Navneeta Reddy Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Blacktown Hospital, New South Wales, Australia

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Haleh Shahidipour School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Blacktown Hospital, New South Wales, Australia

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Amy Hayden School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia
Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre, Westmead Hospital, New South Wales, Australia

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Howard Gurney Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre, Westmead Hospital, New South Wales, Australia

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Glenn Stone School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematics, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia

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Rikke Hjortebjerg Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital & Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital & Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Jan Frystyk Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital & Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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assessed by a 24-h recall questionnaire using FoodWorks (Xyris Software Pty Ltd, Brisbane, Australia). Resting energy expenditure and substrate oxidation rates Carbohydrate and lipid oxidation, as well as resting energy expenditure (REE), were

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Yang Yu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huai’an Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University and Huai’an Second People’s Hospital, Huai’an, Jiangsu, China

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Hairong Hao Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huai’an Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University and Huai’an Second People’s Hospital, Huai’an, Jiangsu, China

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Linghui Kong Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huai’an Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University and Huai’an Second People’s Hospital, Huai’an, Jiangsu, China

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Jie Zhang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huai’an Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University and Huai’an Second People’s Hospital, Huai’an, Jiangsu, China

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Feng Bai Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huai’an Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University and Huai’an Second People’s Hospital, Huai’an, Jiangsu, China

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Fei Guo Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huai’an Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University and Huai’an Second People’s Hospital, Huai’an, Jiangsu, China

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Pan Wei Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huai’an Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University and Huai’an Second People’s Hospital, Huai’an, Jiangsu, China

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Rui Chen Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huai’an Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University and Huai’an Second People’s Hospital, Huai’an, Jiangsu, China

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Wen Hu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huai’an Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University and Huai’an Second People’s Hospital, Huai’an, Jiangsu, China

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Metabolite classification overview A total of 182 metabolites were identified in this study, and the mean abundance composition of each metabolite type in all the samples is shown in Fig. 3A , which shows that amino acids, carbohydrates, organic acids and

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Selina Mäkinen Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
University of Helsinki, Department of Medicine, and Abdominal Center, Endocrinology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland

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Yen H Nguyen Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
University of Helsinki, Department of Medicine, and Abdominal Center, Endocrinology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland

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Paulina Skrobuk Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
University of Helsinki, Department of Medicine, and Abdominal Center, Endocrinology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland

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Heikki A Koistinen Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
University of Helsinki, Department of Medicine, and Abdominal Center, Endocrinology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland

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FB van Dam RM Liu S. Diet and risk of Type II diabetes: the role of types of fat and carbohydrate . Diabetologia 2001 44 805 – 817 . ( doi:10.1007/s001250100547 ) 7 Vessby B Uusitupa M Hermansen K Riccardi G

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M Langeveld University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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C Y Tan University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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M R Soeters University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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S Virtue University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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G K Ambler Cambridge Vascular Unit, Addenbrookes Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK

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L P E Watson University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK
NIHR/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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P R Murgatroyd University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK
NIHR/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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V K Chatterjee University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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A Vidal-Puig University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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, multiplied by an activity factor of 1.35. Meal composition was 30–35% fat, 12–15% protein and 50–55% carbohydrate by energy. The participants retired to bed in the temperature controlled room (24°C) at 23:00 h and were provided with standardised light

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