Magdalena Lech
Magdalena Lech
Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Course Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
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Ruvini Ranasinghe
Ruvini Ranasinghe
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, UK
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Royce P Vincent
Royce P Vincent
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, UK
Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Course Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
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Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Course Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
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David R Taylor
David R Taylor
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, UK
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Lea Ghataore
Lea Ghataore
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, UK
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James Luxton
James Luxton
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, UK
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Fannie Lajeunesse-Trempe
Fannie Lajeunesse-Trempe
Department of Endocrinology ASO/EASO COM, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, UK
Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
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Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
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Pia Roser
Pia Roser
Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Medical Centre Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Eftychia E Drakou
Eftychia E Drakou
Department of Clinical Oncology, Guy's Cancer Centre - Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Great Maze Pond, London, UK
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Ling Ling Chuah
Ling Ling Chuah
Department of Endocrinology ASO/EASO COM, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, UK
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Ashley B Grossman
Ashley B Grossman
Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Barts and the London School of Medicine, Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Institute, London, UK
Neuroendocrine Tumour Unit, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
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Barts and the London School of Medicine, Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Institute, London, UK
Neuroendocrine Tumour Unit, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
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Simon J B Aylwin
Simon J B Aylwin
Department of Endocrinology ASO/EASO COM, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, UK
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Georgios K Dimitriadis
Georgios K Dimitriadis
Department of Endocrinology ASO/EASO COM, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, UK
Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes and Immunometabolism Research Group, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, Faculty of Life Course Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
Division of Reproductive Health, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes and Immunometabolism Research Group, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, Faculty of Life Course Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
Division of Reproductive Health, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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decades of life and occurring more commonly in females, there are some genetic predispositions to ACC, including Li–Fraumeni, Beckwith–Wiedemann, and Lynch syndromes ( 2 ). Around 50–60% of patients with ACC present with clinical features of steroid
Angelica Sharma
Angelica Sharma
Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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Katharine Lazarus
Katharine Lazarus
Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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Deborah Papadopoulou
Deborah Papadopoulou
Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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Hemanth Prabhudev
Hemanth Prabhudev
Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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Tricia Tan
Tricia Tan
Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, North West London Pathology, London, UK
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Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, North West London Pathology, London, UK
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Karim Meeran
Karim Meeran
Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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Sirazum Choudhury
Sirazum Choudhury
Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, North West London Pathology, London, UK
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Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, North West London Pathology, London, UK
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titration remains a significant clinical challenge. Serum prednisolone levels can be used to optimise doses to ensure individuals receive the minimal effective dose and avoid excess steroid exposure. Dose decreases correlate well with clinical symptomatology
Marcus Imamovic
Marcus Imamovic
Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Nils Bäcklund
Nils Bäcklund
Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Staffan Lundstedt
Staffan Lundstedt
Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Göran Brattsand
Göran Brattsand
Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Elisabeth Aardal
Elisabeth Aardal
Department of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Tommy Olsson
Tommy Olsson
Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Per Dahlqvist
Per Dahlqvist
Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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specificity ( 4 , 5 , 6 ). Cortisol analyses using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) have eliminated the problems of cross-reactivity with exogenous steroids and cortisol metabolites often found with immunoassays ( 7 , 8 , 9 , 10
Trine Holm Johannsen
Trine Holm Johannsen
Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
International Centre for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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International Centre for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Jakob Albrethsen
Jakob Albrethsen
Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
International Centre for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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International Centre for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Vassos Neocleous
Vassos Neocleous
The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Department of Molecular Genetics, Function and Therapy, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Federico Baronio
Federico Baronio
S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Bologna, Italy
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Martine Cools
Martine Cools
Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital and Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Lise Aksglaede
Lise Aksglaede
Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
International Centre for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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International Centre for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Niels Jørgensen
Niels Jørgensen
Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
International Centre for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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International Centre for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Peter Christiansen
Peter Christiansen
Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
International Centre for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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International Centre for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Meropi Toumba
Meropi Toumba
The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Department of Molecular Genetics, Function and Therapy, Nicosia, Cyprus
Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Aretaeio Hospital, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Aretaeio Hospital, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Pavlos Fanis
Pavlos Fanis
The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Department of Molecular Genetics, Function and Therapy, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Marie Lindhardt Ljubicic
Marie Lindhardt Ljubicic
Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
International Centre for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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International Centre for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Anders Juul
Anders Juul
Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
International Centre for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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International Centre for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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AM & Juul A . Isotope-dilution TurboFlow-LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of ten steroid metabolites in serum . Clinica Chimica Acta 2017 468 180 – 186 . ( https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2017.03.002 ) 15 Søeborg T Frederiksen
Hanna F Nowotny
Hanna F Nowotny
Medizinische Klinik IV, Department of Endocrinology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Jillian Bryce
Jillian Bryce
Office for Rare Conditions, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Salma R Ali
Salma R Ali
Office for Rare Conditions, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Roberta Giordano
Roberta Giordano
Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Federico Baronio
Federico Baronio
Pediatric Unit, Department Hospital of Woman and Child, Endo-ERN Centre IT11, IRCSS AOU S.Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
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Irina Chifu
Irina Chifu
Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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Lea Tschaidse
Lea Tschaidse
Medizinische Klinik IV, Department of Endocrinology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Martine Cools
Martine Cools
Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
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Erica LT van den Akker
Erica LT van den Akker
Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Erasmus MC - Sophia Children’s Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Henrik Falhammar
Henrik Falhammar
Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Endocrinology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Department of Endocrinology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Natasha M Appelman-Dijkstra
Natasha M Appelman-Dijkstra
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Luca Persani
Luca Persani
Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan Italy
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Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan Italy
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Guglielmo Beccuti
Guglielmo Beccuti
Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Ian L Ross
Ian L Ross
Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Simona Grozinsky-Glasberg
Simona Grozinsky-Glasberg
Neuroendocrine Tumor Unit, ENETS Center of Excellence, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hadassah Medical Organisation and Faculty of Medicine, the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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Alberto M Pereira
Alberto M Pereira
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Eystein S Husebye
Eystein S Husebye
Department of Clinical Science and KG Jebsen Center for Autoimmune Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Stefanie Hahner
Stefanie Hahner
Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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S Faisal Ahmed
S Faisal Ahmed
Office for Rare Conditions, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Nicole Reisch
Nicole Reisch
Medizinische Klinik IV, Department of Endocrinology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
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distancing, possession of a ‘steroid emergency card’ and sufficient glucocorticoid supplies including emergency preparations for oral and systemic use were advised ( 24 ). In our study, the use of emergency hydrocortisone injection was described in 2 of 64
Richard W Carroll
Richard W Carroll
Endocrine, Diabetes, and Research Centre, Wellington Regional Hospital, New Zealand
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Brian Corley
Brian Corley
Endocrine, Diabetes, and Research Centre, Wellington Regional Hospital, New Zealand
Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
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Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
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Joe Feltham
Joe Feltham
Department of Radiology, Wellington Regional Hospital, New Zealand
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Patricia Whitfield
Patricia Whitfield
Endocrine, Diabetes, and Research Centre, Wellington Regional Hospital, New Zealand
Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
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Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
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William Park
William Park
University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
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Rowena Howard
Rowena Howard
Diabetes and Endocrinology Service, Hutt Hospital, New Zealand
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Melissa Yssel
Melissa Yssel
Department of Biochemistry & Endocrinology, Awanui Labs, New Zealand
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Ian Phillips
Ian Phillips
Department of Biochemistry, Awanui Labs, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Simon Harper
Simon Harper
Department of Surgery & Anaesethesia, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
Department of General Surgery, Wellington Regional Hospital, New Zealand
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Department of General Surgery, Wellington Regional Hospital, New Zealand
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Jun Yang
Jun Yang
Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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exogenous steroid exposure was excluded in all individuals. Adrenal vein sampling protocol AVS was performed by an interventional radiologist as a day procedure, under local anesthesia and minor sedation, and after further informed consent had been
Sofia Maria Lider Burciulescu
Sofia Maria Lider Burciulescu
University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
National Institute of Endocrinology CI Parhon, Bucharest, Romania
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National Institute of Endocrinology CI Parhon, Bucharest, Romania
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Monica Livia Gheorghiu
Monica Livia Gheorghiu
University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
National Institute of Endocrinology CI Parhon, Bucharest, Romania
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National Institute of Endocrinology CI Parhon, Bucharest, Romania
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Andrei Muresan
Andrei Muresan
National Institute of Endocrinology CI Parhon, Bucharest, Romania
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Iuliana Gherlan
Iuliana Gherlan
University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
National Institute of Endocrinology CI Parhon, Bucharest, Romania
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National Institute of Endocrinology CI Parhon, Bucharest, Romania
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Attila Patocs
Attila Patocs
Department of Laboratory Medicine and Molecular Genetics, Clinical Genetics and Endocrinology Laboratory, Semmelweis University National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
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Corin Badiu
Corin Badiu
University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
National Institute of Endocrinology CI Parhon, Bucharest, Romania
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National Institute of Endocrinology CI Parhon, Bucharest, Romania
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adrenalectomy developed AI. In contrast, only 60% of patients with cortical-sparing adrenalectomy developed AI, requiring lifelong steroid replacement (mean dose 15 mg HC/day). Similar rates of AI after CSS (43%) in patients with bilateral PHEOs have been
Sriharsha Gunna
Sriharsha Gunna
Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
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Mahaveer Singh
Mahaveer Singh
Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
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Rakesh Pandey
Rakesh Pandey
Department of Pathology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
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Rungmei S K Marak
Rungmei S K Marak
Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
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Amita Aggarwal
Amita Aggarwal
Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
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Bibhuti Mohanta
Bibhuti Mohanta
Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
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Liping Yu
Liping Yu
Barbara Davis Centre for Diabetes, School of Medicine University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Eesh Bhatia
Eesh Bhatia
Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
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intervals of 3 months and subsequently 6-monthly. Recurrence of infection (fever, anorexia and weight loss) and adequacy of steroid replacement were ascertained at each visit. Patients were encouraged to contact the treating endocrinologist for any emergency
Timothy J Morris
Timothy J Morris
Directorate of Biochemistry, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Andrew Whatmore
Andrew Whatmore
Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, University of Manchester, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, UK
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Laura Hamilton
Laura Hamilton
Pathology Department, Clinical Biochemistry, Huddersfield Royal Infirmary, Lindley, Huddersfield, UK
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Beverly Hird
Beverly Hird
Directorate of Biochemistry, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
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Eric S Kilpatrick
Eric S Kilpatrick
Directorate of Biochemistry, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
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Lesley Tetlow
Lesley Tetlow
Directorate of Biochemistry, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
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Peter Clayton
Peter Clayton
Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, University of Manchester, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, UK
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://doi.org/10.1111/joim.12162 ) 2 Speiser PW Arlt W Auchus RJ Baskin LS Conway GS Merke DP Meyer-Bahlburg HFL Miller WL Murad MH Oberfield SE , et al. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency: an Endocrine
Wenhao Lin
Wenhao Lin
Department of Urology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Jun Dai
Jun Dai
Department of Urology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Jialing Xie
Jialing Xie
Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Jiacheng Liu
Jiacheng Liu
Department of Urology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Fukang Sun
Fukang Sun
Department of Urology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Xin Huang
Xin Huang
Department of Urology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Wei He
Wei He
Department of Urology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Chen Fang
Chen Fang
Department of Urology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Juping Zhao
Juping Zhao
Department of Urology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Danfeng Xu
Danfeng Xu
Department of Urology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Introduction Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare and aggressive cancer that affects both children and adults, having an overall incidence of 1–2 cases/million per year. In most cases, cancer presents with steroid hormone excess ( 1
