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Caroline Culen University Clinic of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

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Diana-Alexandra Ertl University Clinic of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

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Katharina Schubert University Clinic of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

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Lisa Bartha-Doering University Clinic of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

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Gabriele Haeusler University Clinic of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

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Turner syndrome: a questionnaire study on health status, education, work participation and aspects of sexual functioning . Clinical Endocrinology 2010 72 678 – 684 . ( doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2009.03715.x ) 77 Zinn AR Bondy CA Phillip

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Maki Igarashi Medical Support Center for Japan Environmental and Children’s Study, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan

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Tadayuki Ayabe Medical Support Center for Japan Environmental and Children’s Study, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan

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Kiwako Yamamoto-Hanada Medical Support Center for Japan Environmental and Children’s Study, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan

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Keiko Matsubara Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan

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Hatoko Sasaki Medical Support Center for Japan Environmental and Children’s Study, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan

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Mayako Saito-Abe Medical Support Center for Japan Environmental and Children’s Study, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan

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Miori Sato Medical Support Center for Japan Environmental and Children’s Study, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan

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Nathan Mise Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan

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Akihiko Ikegami Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan

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Masayuki Shimono Regional Center for Pilot Study of Japan Environment and Children’s Study, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan

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Reiko Suga Regional Center for Pilot Study of Japan Environment and Children’s Study, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan

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Shouichi Ohga Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
Research Center for Environment and Developmental Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan

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Masafumi Sanefuji Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
Research Center for Environment and Developmental Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan

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Masako Oda Department of Public Health, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan

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Hiroshi Mitsubuchi Department of Neonatology, Kumamoto University Hospital, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan

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Takehiro Michikawa Japan Environment and Children’s Study Programme Office, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

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Shin Yamazaki Japan Environment and Children’s Study Programme Office, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

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Shoji Nakayama Japan Environment and Children’s Study Programme Office, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

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Yukihiro Ohya Medical Support Center for Japan Environmental and Children’s Study, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan

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Maki Fukami Medical Support Center for Japan Environmental and Children’s Study, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan

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. Further studies are necessary to clarify whether sex hormone production in childhood is associated with sexual maturation during puberty or reproductive function in adulthood. In conclusion, the results show that sexual dimorphism in sex hormone

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Rossella Cannarella Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy

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Andrea Crafa Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy

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Sandro La Vignera Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy

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Rosita A Condorelli Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy

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Aldo E Calogero Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy

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Introduction The acromegaly levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) that occur in healthy children in pubertal age have led to the speculation that this hormone may stimulate the function of the hypothalamus–pituitary–testicular (HPT

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Huifei Sophia Zheng Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama

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Jeffrey G Daniel Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama

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Julia M Salamat Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama

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Laci Mackay Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama

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Chad D Foradori Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama

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Robert J Kemppainen Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama

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Satyanarayana R Pondugula Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama

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Ya-Xiong Tao Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama

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Chen-Che Jeff Huang Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama

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Introduction Glucocorticoids (GCs) are primary stress hormones and critical regulators of several physiological mechanisms. GCs commonly elicit their function through glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-mediated genomic effects. However, these

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Salma R Ali Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Royal Hospital for Children, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
Office for Rare Conditions, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

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Melissa Gardner Susan B Meister Child Health Evaluation and Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

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Yiqiao Xin Health Economics and Health Technology Assessment, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

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Stuart O’Toole Department of Paediatric Surgery, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK

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Martyn Flett Department of Paediatric Surgery, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK

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Boma Lee Department of Paediatric Surgery, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK

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Mairi Steven Department of Paediatric Surgery, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK

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David E Sandberg Susan B Meister Child Health Evaluation and Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

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S Faisal Ahmed Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Royal Hospital for Children, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
Office for Rare Conditions, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

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their child’s future ( 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ). However, there is relatively little information regarding psychosocial functioning and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) outcomes in parents and young children ( 11 , 12 , 13 ), and there is a lack of

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Annelies van’t Westeinde Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet and Division of Pediatrics, Unit for Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Leif Karlsson Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet and Division of Pediatrics, Unit for Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Valeria Messina Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet and Division of Pediatrics, Unit for Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Lena Wallensteen Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet and Division of Pediatrics, Unit for Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Manuela Brösamle European Patient Advocacy Group for Adrenal Diseases, European Reference Network on Rare Endocrine Conditions (Endo ERN), Endo ERN Coordinating Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Giorgio Dal Maso ArfSAG (Associazione Refionale Famiglie Sindrome Adreno Genitale) c/o Unita Operativa di Pediatria, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Bologna, Policlinico S Orsala-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy

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Alessandro Lazzerini Spanish Association of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH), Spain

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Jette Kristensen ePAG & Chair of Danish Addison Patient Association, Aarhus, Denmark

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Diana Kwast Dutch Adrenal Society NVACP, Nijkerk, The Netherlands

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Lea Tschaidse Department of Endocrinology, Medizinische Klinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany

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Matthias K Auer Department of Endocrinology, Medizinische Klinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany

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Hanna F Nowotny Department of Endocrinology, Medizinische Klinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany

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Luca Persani Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy

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Nicole Reisch Department of Endocrinology, Medizinische Klinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany

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Svetlana Lajic Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet and Division of Pediatrics, Unit for Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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related to sexual function may not be avoided and are frequently reported ( 15 ), even if surgery is performed at a later age ( 18 , 19 , 20 ). Alternatively, patients and parents may opt out of surgery. There is some indication that GC treatment alone

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Bo Zhu Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Assisted Reproduction Unit, Sir Run Run ShawHospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wenzhou People’s Hospital, Wenzhou Women and Children Health, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Yumei Chen Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wenzhou People’s Hospital, Wenzhou Women and Children Health, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Fang Xu Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wenzhou People’s Hospital, Wenzhou Women and Children Health, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Xiaolu Shen Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wenzhou People’s Hospital, Wenzhou Women and Children Health, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Xuanyu Chen Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wenzhou People’s Hospital, Wenzhou Women and Children Health, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Jieqiang Lv Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Songying Zhang Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Assisted Reproduction Unit, Sir Run Run ShawHospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China

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morphological features ( 11 ). Androgen functions are mediated through the androgen receptor (AR) that have been strongly linked to the development of PCOS. Flutamide (Flut) is an AR antagonist that can restore the impaired menstrual regularity and ovulation in

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Diana-Alexandra Ertl Department of Pulmonology, Allergology and Endocrinology, University Clinic for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

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Andreas Gleiss Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

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Katharina Schubert Department of Pulmonology, Allergology and Endocrinology, University Clinic for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

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Caroline Culen Department of Pulmonology, Allergology and Endocrinology, University Clinic for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

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Peer Hauck Pediatric Heart Center Vienna, University Clinic for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

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Johannes Ott Clinic Division for Gynecologic Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

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Alois Gessl Division of Endocrinology, University Clinic of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

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Gabriele Haeusler Department of Pulmonology, Allergology and Endocrinology, University Clinic for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

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’s syndrome . In Growth, Stature and Psychological Well-Being , pp 95 – 103 . Eds Eiholzer U , Haverkamp F & Voss LD . Seattle, WA, USA : Hogrefe & Huber , 1999 . 21 Pavlidis K McCauley E Sybert VP. Psychosocial and sexual functioning in women

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Brenda Anguiano Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, México

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Carlos Montes de Oca Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, México

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Evangelina Delgado-González Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, México

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Carmen Aceves Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, México

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period and in rats older than five months of age ( 11 , 12 ). Sexual behavior is the central stimulus for prostate function, and a study in breeding rats showed that sexual activity prevents the decline of DIO1 activity associated with aging ( 12 ). On

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Yardena Tenenbaum-Rakover Pediatric Endocrine Institute, Ha'Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel

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Osnat Admoni Pediatric Endocrine Institute, Ha'Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel

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Ghadir Elias-Assad Pediatric Endocrine Institute, Ha'Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel

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Shira London Pediatric Endocrine Institute, Ha'Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel

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Marie Noufi-Barhoum Pediatric Endocrine Institute, Ha'Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan, Safed, Israel

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Hanna Ludar Pediatric Endocrine Institute, Ha'Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel

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Tal Almagor Pediatric Endocrine Institute, Ha'Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel

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Yoav Zehavi Pediatric Department, B, Ha’Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel

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Charles Sultan Pediatric Endocrinology and Gynecology Unit, CHU de Montpellier, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve et Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France

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Rita Bertalan Institute Pasteur, Rue Dr Roux, Paris, France

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Anu Bashamboo Institute Pasteur, Rue Dr Roux, Paris, France

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Kenneth McElreavey Institute Pasteur, Rue Dr Roux, Paris, France

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individual's future, and takes into account many factors, including cultural background, future fertility, degree of virilization, potential adult sexual function, surgical intervention, life-long replacement therapy, and future malignancies. However, the

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