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Silvia Ciancia Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

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Vanessa Dubois Basic and Translational Endocrinology (BaTE), Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

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Martine Cools Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Pediatric Endocrinology Service, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium

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(In this review, we use the term ‘sex’ to refer to biological aspects of male or female development, whereas we use the term ‘gender’ to refer to an individual’s self-reported sense of gender.) differences before puberty, skeletal sexual dimorphism

Article Type:
Review Article
Collections:
Reproduction
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-22-0280
Volume/Issue:
Volume 11: Issue 11
Open access
Luca Persani Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy

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Martine Cools Departments of Internal Medicine and Paediatrics and of Paediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium

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Stamatina Ioakim Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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S Faisal Ahmed Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom

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Silvia Andonova National Genetic Laboratory, UHOG “Maichin dom", Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria

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Magdalena Avbelj-Stefanija Department for Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia

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Federico Baronio Pediatric Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy

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Jerome Bouligand Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm UMRS1185 & Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, France

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Hennie T Bruggenwirth Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Justin H Davies Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom

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Elfride De Baere Departments of Internal Medicine and Paediatrics and of Paediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium

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Iveta Dzivite-Krisane Children’s University Hospital, Riga, Latvia

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Paula Fernandez-Alvarez Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain

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Alexander Gheldof Center for Medical Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium

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Claudia Giavoli Unit of Endocrinology, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Claus H Gravholt Departments of Endocrinology, of Clinical Medicine and of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

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Olaf Hiort University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, and University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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Paul-Martin Holterhus University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany

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Anders Juul Departments of Growth and Reproduction and of Clinical Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital – Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Csilla Krausz Endocrinology and Andrology Units, University Hospital of Careggi and Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Kristina Lagerstedt-Robinson Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Laboratory, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Ruth McGowan Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
West of Scotland Centre for Genomic Medicine, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom

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Uta Neumann Charité Medicine University, Berlin, Germany

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Antonio Novelli Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy

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Xavier Peyrassol Universitè Libre di Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium

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Leonidas A Phylactou Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus

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Julia Rohayem University Hospital Münster, Munster, Germany

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Philippe Touraine Center for Rare Endocrine and Gynecological Disorders, Department of endocrinology and reproductive Medicine, Hospital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France

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Dineke Westra Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

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Valeria Vezzoli Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy

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Raffaella Rossetti Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy

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European countries and the respective National Health Systems (NHS) ( 1 , 2 ), thus representing an example of significant disparity among citizens within the European Union. The disorders or differences of sex development and maturation (SDM) include

Article Type:
Research Article
Collections:
Paediatric Endocrinology
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-22-0367
Volume/Issue:
Volume 11: Issue 12
Open access
Salma R Ali Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Royal Hospital for Children, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
Office for Rare Conditions, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

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Melissa Gardner Susan B Meister Child Health Evaluation and Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

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Yiqiao Xin Health Economics and Health Technology Assessment, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

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Stuart O’Toole Department of Paediatric Surgery, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK

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Martyn Flett Department of Paediatric Surgery, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK

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Boma Lee Department of Paediatric Surgery, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK

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Mairi Steven Department of Paediatric Surgery, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK

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David E Sandberg Susan B Meister Child Health Evaluation and Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

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S Faisal Ahmed Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Royal Hospital for Children, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
Office for Rare Conditions, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

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, HRQoL questionnaires were developed for parents of young children with disorders or differences of sex development (QoL-DSD) ( 19 ), in accordance with the Food and Drug Administration’s guidelines on the development of patient-reported outcome (PRO

Article Type:
Research Article
Collections:
Reproduction
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-24-0300
Volume/Issue:
Volume 13: Issue 11
Open access
Shruti Khare Department of Endocrinology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India

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Anurag R Lila Department of Endocrinology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India

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Hiren Patt Department of Endocrinology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India

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Chaitanya Yerawar Department of Endocrinology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India

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Manjunath Goroshi Department of Endocrinology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India

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Tushar Bandgar Department of Endocrinology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India

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Nalini S Shah Department of Endocrinology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India

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-3019(03)00012-0 ). 4 Delgrange E Trouillas J Maiter D Donckier J Tourniaire J . Sex-related difference in the growth of prolactinomas: a clinical and proliferation marker study . Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1997 82 2102 – 2107

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-15-0105
Volume/Issue:
Volume 5: Issue 1
Open access
Kimberly Kuiper Clinical Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Hanna Swaab Clinical Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Nicole Tartaglia eXtraordinarY Kids Clinic, Developmental Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado

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Sophie van Rijn Clinical Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands

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or sight, and/or color blindness. Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the sex chromosome trisomies (SCT) and control group. SCT Controls Group differences n =  75 n =  81 Age in years – M ( s.d. ) 3

Article Type:
Research Article
Collections:
Reproduction
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-22-0442
Volume/Issue:
Volume 12: Issue 6
Open access
Bledar Daka Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Social Medicine and Global Health, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 454, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Social Medicine and Global Health, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 454, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden

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Thord Rosen Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Social Medicine and Global Health, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 454, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden

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Per Anders Jansson Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Social Medicine and Global Health, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 454, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden

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Lennart Råstam Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Social Medicine and Global Health, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 454, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden

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Charlotte A Larsson Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Social Medicine and Global Health, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 454, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Social Medicine and Global Health, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 454, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden

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Ulf Lindblad Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Social Medicine and Global Health, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 454, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden

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Introduction Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is a circulating plasma globulin binding sex hormones, both oestradiol and testosterone and is produced primarily by the liver. In two recent studies, SHBG could predict type 2 diabetes (T2D) in

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-12-0057
Volume/Issue:
Volume 2: Issue 1
Open access
Julie Refardt Departments of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Clara Odilia Sailer Departments of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Bettina Winzeler Departments of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Matthias Johannes Betz Departments of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Irina Chifu Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

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Ingeborg Schnyder Departments of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Martin Fassnacht Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
Central Laboratory, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

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Wiebke Fenske Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany

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Mirjam Christ-Crain Departments of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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for the CODDI-Investigators
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for the CODDI-Investigators

our study were influenced by BMI and smoking habits but independent of sex. Age did not affect the results, but this could be due to the small age differences in our cohort. The following limitations have to be mentioned. First, this was an

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-18-0469
Volume/Issue:
Volume 7: Issue 12
Open access
Mark R Postma Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

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Pia Burman Department of Endocrinology, Skane University Hospital Malmö, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden

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André P van Beek Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

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) software. Data are reported as mean ±  s.d. or proportion, depending on type of variable. Males and females were analysed separately to avoid potential confounding by sex. For assessment of significance of mean differences between the patients below vs

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-20-0098
Volume/Issue:
Volume 9: Issue 7
Open access
Suvanjaa Sivalingam Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital of Southern Jutland, Sønderborg, Denmark

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Marianne Thvilum Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark

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Thomas Heiberg Brix Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark

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Laszlo Hegedüs Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark

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Frans Brandt Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital of Southern Jutland, Sønderborg, Denmark
Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark

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.235). The LR test for the Cox regression analyses was not significant. Stratification for sex showed significant difference in the Walter–Elwood test in men, both for GD ( P  = 0.001) and for TNG ( P  = 0.024). This was neither seen in women with GD ( P  = 0

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-18-0185
Volume/Issue:
Volume 7: Issue 10
Open access
Søs Dragsbæk Larsen Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Christine Dalgård Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
Department of Public Health, Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Mathilde Egelund Christensen Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Sine Lykkedegn Hans Christian Andersen Children’s Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Louise Bjørkholt Andersen Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Marianne Andersen Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
Department of Medical Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Dorte Glintborg Department of Medical Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Henrik Thybo Christesen Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
Hans Christian Andersen Children’s Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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offspring . Hypertension 2007 50 679 – 685 . ( https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.091785 ) 23 Ojeda NB Intapad S Alexander BT. Sex differences in the developmental programming of hypertension . Acta Physiologica 2014 210 307 – 316

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-18-0308
Volume/Issue:
Volume 7: Issue 12
Open access