Helga Schultz
Helga Schultz
Department of Cardiology, Nephrology and Endocrinology, Nordsjællands Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark
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Svend Aage Engelholm
Svend Aage Engelholm
Department of Radiation Oncology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Eva Harder
Eva Harder
Department of Oncology and Palliation, Nordsjællands Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark
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Ulrik Pedersen-Bjergaard
Ulrik Pedersen-Bjergaard
Department of Cardiology, Nephrology and Endocrinology, Nordsjællands Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Peter Lommer Kristensen
Peter Lommer Kristensen
Department of Cardiology, Nephrology and Endocrinology, Nordsjællands Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark
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Introduction In patients with malignant disease, glucocorticoids are widely used on various indications. High-dose treatment is given as part of chemotherapy regimens and for treating oedema associated with metastatic spinal cord compression
Carlo Cinque
Carlo Cinque
Fondazione Ethoikos, Radicondoli, Italy
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology V. Erspamer, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Department of Physiology and Pharmacology V. Erspamer, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Manuela Zinni
Manuela Zinni
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology V. Erspamer, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Anna Rita Zuena
Anna Rita Zuena
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology V. Erspamer, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Chiara Giuli
Chiara Giuli
Fondazione Ethoikos, Radicondoli, Italy
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Sebastiano G Alemà
Sebastiano G Alemà
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology V. Erspamer, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Assia Catalani
Assia Catalani
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology V. Erspamer, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Paola Casolini
Paola Casolini
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology V. Erspamer, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Roberto Cozzolino
Roberto Cozzolino
Fondazione Ethoikos, Radicondoli, Italy
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; however, this kind of assessment could be influenced by events, often unknown to experimenters, that took place immediately before sampling. This is particularly important for glucocorticoid hormones. Furthermore, in most cases, blood withdrawal requires
Jonneke J Hollanders
Jonneke J Hollanders
Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Bibian van der Voorn
Bibian van der Voorn
Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Noera Kieviet
Noera Kieviet
Department of Pediatrics, Psychiatry Obstetrics Pediatrics Expert Center, OLVG West, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Koert M Dolman
Koert M Dolman
Department of Pediatrics, Psychiatry Obstetrics Pediatrics Expert Center, OLVG West, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Yolanda B de Rijke
Yolanda B de Rijke
Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Erica L T van den Akker
Erica L T van den Akker
Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Erasmus MC Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Joost Rotteveel
Joost Rotteveel
Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Adriaan Honig
Adriaan Honig
Department of Pediatrics, Psychiatry Obstetrics Pediatrics Expert Center, OLVG West, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Martijn J J Finken
Martijn J J Finken
Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Introduction Prenatal exposure to excessive glucocorticoids (GCs) has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and depressive disorders ( 1 , 2 ). This might be due to permanent alterations in the settings of the
Brijesh Krishnappa
Brijesh Krishnappa
Department of Endocrinology, K E M Hospital and Seth G S Medical College, Mumbai, India
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Ravikumar Shah
Ravikumar Shah
Department of Endocrinology, K E M Hospital and Seth G S Medical College, Mumbai, India
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Saba Samad Memon
Saba Samad Memon
Department of Endocrinology, K E M Hospital and Seth G S Medical College, Mumbai, India
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Chakra Diwaker
Chakra Diwaker
Department of Endocrinology, K E M Hospital and Seth G S Medical College, Mumbai, India
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Anurag R Lila
Anurag R Lila
Department of Endocrinology, K E M Hospital and Seth G S Medical College, Mumbai, India
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Virendra A Patil
Virendra A Patil
Department of Endocrinology, K E M Hospital and Seth G S Medical College, Mumbai, India
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Nalini S Shah
Nalini S Shah
Department of Endocrinology, K E M Hospital and Seth G S Medical College, Mumbai, India
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Tushar R Bandgar
Tushar R Bandgar
Department of Endocrinology, K E M Hospital and Seth G S Medical College, Mumbai, India
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therapies ( 1 ). The remaining treatment options include observation or glucocorticoid therapy and each of them can be used as the primary treatment based on clinical scenario. A recent meta-analysis concluded that patients with milder presentation be
V Guarnotta
V Guarnotta
Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno – Infantile, Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza ‘G. D’Alessandro’ (PROMISE), Sezione di Malattie Endocrine, del Ricambio e della Nutrizione, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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C Di Stefano
C Di Stefano
Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno – Infantile, Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza ‘G. D’Alessandro’ (PROMISE), Sezione di Malattie Endocrine, del Ricambio e della Nutrizione, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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A Santoro
A Santoro
Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno – Infantile, Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza ‘G. D’Alessandro’ (PROMISE), Sezione di Malattie Endocrine, del Ricambio e della Nutrizione, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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A Ciresi
A Ciresi
Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno – Infantile, Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza ‘G. D’Alessandro’ (PROMISE), Sezione di Malattie Endocrine, del Ricambio e della Nutrizione, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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A Coppola
A Coppola
Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno – Infantile, Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza ‘G. D’Alessandro’ (PROMISE), Sezione di Malattie Endocrine, del Ricambio e della Nutrizione, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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C Giordano
C Giordano
Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno – Infantile, Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza ‘G. D’Alessandro’ (PROMISE), Sezione di Malattie Endocrine, del Ricambio e della Nutrizione, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Introduction Adrenal insufficiency (AI) is characterized by high morbidity and mortality, likely due to inappropriate glucocorticoid (GC) treatment and no physiological daily exposure. Indeed, conventional GC treatment, with hydrocortisone (HC
Kathrin Zopf
Kathrin Zopf
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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Kathrin R Frey
Kathrin R Frey
Department of Medicine I, Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Tina Kienitz
Tina Kienitz
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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Manfred Ventz
Manfred Ventz
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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Britta Bauer
Britta Bauer
Endocrinology in Charlottenburg, Berlin, Germany
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Marcus Quinkler
Marcus Quinkler
Endocrinology in Charlottenburg, Berlin, Germany
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Introduction Polymorphisms of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) may influence the sensitivity to glucocorticoids by altering the GR expression (e.g. reducing transcription) and influencing transactivation and transrepression of target genes
David J F Smith
David J F Smith
Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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Hemanth Prabhudev
Hemanth Prabhudev
Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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Sirazum Choudhury
Sirazum Choudhury
Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
Department of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
Department of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Karim Meeran
Karim Meeran
Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
Department of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Department of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Introduction Adrenal insufficiency (AI) is caused either by primary adrenal failure or secondary impairment of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis ( 1 ). Both result in glucocorticoid deficiency with additional impairment of
Anastasia P Athanasoulia-Kaspar
Anastasia P Athanasoulia-Kaspar
Clinical Neuroendocrinology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
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Matthias K Auer
Matthias K Auer
Clinical Neuroendocrinology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Günter K Stalla
Günter K Stalla
Clinical Neuroendocrinology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
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Mira Jakovcevski
Mira Jakovcevski
Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
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, high doses of glucocorticoid substitution therapy and older age at diagnosis are the most consistently identified risk factors associated with increased morbidity and mortality ( 18 , 19 ). In addition, growth hormone deficiency (GHD) has been linked
Sylvia Thiele
Sylvia Thiele
Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Anke Hannemann
Anke Hannemann
Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Maria Winzer
Maria Winzer
Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Ulrike Baschant
Ulrike Baschant
Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Heike Weidner
Heike Weidner
Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Matthias Nauck
Matthias Nauck
Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Rajesh V Thakker
Rajesh V Thakker
Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
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Martin Bornhäuser
Martin Bornhäuser
Department of Medicine I, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
DFG Research Center and Cluster of Excellence for Regenerative Therapies, Technical University, Dresden, Germany
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DFG Research Center and Cluster of Excellence for Regenerative Therapies, Technical University, Dresden, Germany
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Lorenz C Hofbauer
Lorenz C Hofbauer
Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
DFG Research Center and Cluster of Excellence for Regenerative Therapies, Technical University, Dresden, Germany
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Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
DFG Research Center and Cluster of Excellence for Regenerative Therapies, Technical University, Dresden, Germany
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Martina Rauner
Martina Rauner
Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Introduction Glucocorticoids (GCs) are effective drugs in the treatment of immune-mediated diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis or allergic diseases such as asthma. However, their administration is often accompanied by adverse effects on
Margret J Einarsdottir
Margret J Einarsdottir
Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Penelope Trimpou
Penelope Trimpou
Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Gudmundur Johannsson
Gudmundur Johannsson
Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Oskar Ragnarsson
Oskar Ragnarsson
Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
Wallenberg Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
Wallenberg Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Introduction Oral glucocorticoid (GC) treatment can lead to adrenal insufficiency by suppressing the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. This can result in life-threatening adrenal crisis if the patient does not receive an increased GC dose
