Willem-Alexander Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Introduction Worldwide, obesity is reaching an epidemic state. In a vast majority of patients with obesity, lifestyle factors, such as too much food consumption and no or infrequent exercise, play a major role; in a small percentage of
Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
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Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
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on the arcuate nucleus, a critical hypothalamic nucleus involved in body mass and energy metabolism regulation ( 120 , 121 , 122 , 123 ). Notably, the central effects of MSG to promote obesity depend upon its entrance in the brain, which, in turn
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-sectional 336 F/M 35–65 Middle-aged overweight and obese healthy adults Radioimmunoassays – Weight, height, BMI, WC, HC, body composition. Age, sex, race, season, supplement use, PTH Total and central adiposity but not peripheral adiposity
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Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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relation between PCOS and BD is less well-known. PCOS is associated with central obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and insulin resistance ( 7 ), which all have been described to decrease BD ( 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ). However, hyperandrogenism, one of the
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%. Central obesity was significantly more common in the MS groups, supporting the observation that WC is a better predictor of MS than BMI. Lee et al . showed that there is a strong correlation among WC, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. This correlation is
Molecular Neurology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
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Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Competence Centre on Health Technologies, Tartu, Estonia
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Molecular Neurology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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, which has been described in detail elsewhere ( 6 ). In short, the study was conducted at the Children’s Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland. All participants were of Caucasian origin. Subjects with childhood-onset obesity (in the text
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( 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ). A crucial hallmark in the development of obesity-associated metabolic disorders is the chronic, low-grade inflammation of WAT ( 14 , 15 ). Although obesity-associated inflammation and macrophage (MΦ) infiltration affect
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Introduction Central precocious puberty (CPP) is thought to be the early onset of puberty caused by premature reactivation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis (HPGA). It is a common pediatric endocrine disorder characterized by rapid
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). In patients with PCOS, obesity is typically central in nature (increased waist-to-hip ratio) and central obesity has been shown to confer a higher risk for OSA than generalized obesity ( 27 ). This was demonstrated in a study by Fogel and coworkers
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Introduction Obesity has become one of the greatest public health challenges nowadays. It is estimated that more than 50% of adults worldwide will be overweight or obese by 2030 ( 1 ). In China, the prevalence of overweight/obesity in adults