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sympathetic outflow from the central nervous system (CNS) to brown adipose tissue (BAT), where heat is generated through the uncoupling of oxidation and phosphorylation by uncoupling proteins (UCPs) ( 9 ). Bone is highly innervated by efferent sympathetic
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develop in HIV infected individuals. For instance, accumulation of visceral and dorso-cervical adipose tissue, breast enlargement, and loss of facial and limb subcutaneous fat are attributable to anti-retroviral drugs, especially nucleoside reverse
Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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have shown that TF augments adipogenesis in vitro ( 18 ) and promotes insulin resistance in rodent and human adipose tissues exposed ex vivo ( 19 ). These effects are postulated to result from activation of adipocytic glucocorticoid receptor (GR
Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing, China
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depot, while perirenal fat mainly consists of dormant brown adipose tissue ( 16 ). However, perirenal fat is more active in energy metabolism and adipokine secretion compared with typical visceral fat ( 12 ). It has been proved that massive perirenal fat
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an enzyme machinery enabling them for the de novo synthesis of steroid hormones from cholesterol ( 8 ). Androgenic steroids exhibit a positive gradient from blood to adipose tissue with the precursor androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone as
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depletion regimen regardless of menopausal status ( 13 ). In several recent pre-clinical studies, estradiol suppresses adipogenesis and activates brown adipose tissue ( 14 , 15 ). It might be a mechanism of action of estrogen replacement therapy, which
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gonads, the liver as well in the hepatic lipid metabolism ( 29 , 30 , 31 ). DiNP exhibited adipogenic activity in murine 3T3-derived adipocytes ( 32 ). Adipose tissue expression of ECS components differs between lean and obese subjects as reflected by
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Département Endocrinologie, Nutrition, Diabète, Equipe Nutrition, Diabète, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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by inducing the browning of s.c. white adipocytes, which are metabolically favourable for burning energy through thermogenesis ( 51 ). Depending on the experimental conditions (i.e. thermoneutral or cold), brown adipose tissue activity has been
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) and soleus muscles, uterus,interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT) and white adipose tissue depots (retroperitoneal, inguinal and gonadal) were excised, weighed and normalized to the rat tibia length. Serum analyses The levels of serum total
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with obesity had already been proven ( 28 ). In particular, mir-92a-3p negatively correlated with the brown adipose tissue activity ( 29 ), while, the liver-enriched miR-122 was reported to work as central regulator of cholesterol and lipid metabolism