Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Background
With the increasing access to imaging more pheochromocytomas are diagnosed in the workup of adrenal incidentalomas. This may have changed the occurrence of the classic presentation with hypertension and the classic triad (headaches, sweating and palpitation).
Methods
We reviewed 94 consecutive cases of pheochromocytomas. Two cases of ectopic ACTH-syndrome were subsequently excluded.
Results
Of the 92 cases included 64% had presented as an incidentaloma, 32% as a suspected pheochromocytoma and 4% had been screened because of previously diagnosed MEN2A. Those screened were youngest while those with incidentalomas were oldest. The females were more common in the incidentaloma and the screening groups, and males in the suspected pheochromocytoma group. Measurements of noradrenaline/normetanephrine levels were highest in the suspected pheocromocytoma group and lowest in the screening group. Hypertension was present in 63% of the incidentalomas, 79% of suspected pheochromocytomas and in none of the screening group. Paroxysmal symptoms were present in almost all with suspected pheochromocytoma while only in half of the other groups. The suspected pheocromocytoma group had most symptoms and the screening group least. The classic triad was present in 14% of the incidentalomas, in 28% of the suspected and in none of the screening group, while no symptoms at all was present in 12%, 0% and 25%, respectively. Pheochromocytoma crisis occurred in 5%. There was a positive correlation between tumor size vs hormone levels, and catecholamine levels vs blood pressure.
Conclusion
Clinicians need to be aware of the modern presentation of pheochromocytomas since early identification can be life-saving.
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Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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, 14 ). During lactation, iodine is secreted into the milk. Breast milk is the only source of iodine for the breastfed infant, being vital for normal infant thyroid function and thus, for brain development ( 15 ). Mammary glands can concentrate and
Department of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
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Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Leadership Centre for Diabetes, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Department of Pathology, Humber River Regional Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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-known metabolic actions ( 1 ). Epidemiological studies showed that, in patients with type 2 diabetes and obese people with insulin resistance, endogenous hyperinsulinaemia is associated with increased risk for several types of cancer including breast cancer ( 2
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Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Introduction Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) has been associated with an elevated risk of liver, pancreas, endometrium, colorectal, breast and bladder cancers and a decreased risk of prostate cancer ( 1 , 2 ). Several possible mechanisms have been
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patient for whom the age was not recorded. There were no pediatric patients with pituitary metastasis. The most common tumors of origins were breast cancer (2 cases) and lymphoma (2 cases). The most common primary clinical presentations were
Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
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CHU de Toulouse, Laboratoire d’Hématologie, Toulouse, France
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Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
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therapy (HRT) has been associated with adverse effects such as an increased incidence of breast cancer and thromboembolic events ( 1 , 2 , 3 ). Venous thromboembolism events (VTEs), which encompasses deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism
Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China
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Objective
Thyroid nodules are usually accompanied by elevated thyroglobulin (Tg) level and autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs). However, the relationship between Tg and AITDs is not fully understood. Dysfunction of regulatory T cells (Tregs) plays an important role in the development of AITDs. We aimed to evaluate the effects of Tg on the function of Tregs in patients with thyroid nodules.
Methods
Tg levels and the functions of Tregs in peripheral blood and thyroid tissues of patients with thyroid nodules from Nanjing First Hospital were evaluated. The effects of Tg on the function of Tregs from healthy donors were also assessed in vitro. The function of Tregs was defined as an inhibitory effect of Tregs on the effector T cell (CD4+ CD25− T cell) proliferation rate.
Results
The level of Tg in peripheral blood correlated negatively with the inhibitory function of Tregs (R = 0.398, P = 0.03), and Tregs function declined significantly in the high Tg group (Tg >77 μg/L) compared with the normal Tg group (11.4 ± 3.9% vs 27.5 ± 3.5%, P < 0.05). Compared with peripheral blood, the function of Tregs in thyroid declined significantly (P < 0.01), but the proportion of FOXP3+ Tregs in thyroid increased (P < 0.01). High concentration of Tg (100 μg/mL) inhibited the function of Tregs and downregulated FOXP3, TGF-β and IL-10 mRNA expression in Tregs in vitro.
Conclusions
Elevated Tg level could impair the function of Tregs, which might increase the risk of AITDs in patient with thyroid nodules.
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Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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relationship between prolactin and all-cause cancer or breast cancer have also given inconsistent results ( 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ). Similarly, there are no consistent correlations reported between prolactin levels and bone loss or
Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Northwell, Great Neck, New York, USA
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Department of Cardiology, Austin Health, Melbourne Australia
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Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
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Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
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Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
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Introduction In postmenopausal women with early oestrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer, aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are the mainstay of adjuvant therapy ( 1 ). In this population, AI therapy is directed at the oestrogen axis and
Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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Introduction With an incidence of 28.2%, breast cancer represents the most common type of cancer in females in Europe ( 1 ). Oestrogen-dependent gene expression regulation is known to play an important role in the promotion and progression of
