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Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
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factor for dementia, promotes neurocognitive function and regulation metabolic processes ( 4 ). Thyroid dysfunction, including clinical hyperthyroidism, subclinical hyperthyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism, and clinical hypothyroidism, has been
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, metabolic rate, food intake and energy expenditure ( 6 ). Thus, both hypo- and hyperthyroidism significantly alter these processes, resulting in significant changes in body composition ( 7 , 8 ). Moreover, many thyroid disorders are associated with chronic
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hexokinase (HK) ( 9 , 10 ). The increase in glucose uptake observed in models of hyperthyroidism has been studied by many research groups, with a particular focus on the effects of THs on GLUT expression ( 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ). However, little is known
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Department of Internal Medicine, HagaHospital, The Hague, The Netherlands
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Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Introduction Subclinical hyperthyroidism has been linked to atrial fibrillation and coronary artery calcification, whereas subclinical hypothyroidism has been associated with hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis ( 1 , 2 ). Despite these
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are associated with insulin resistance (17) , and a relationship between ADP and thyroid hormones may exist via either direct or indirect interactions between them. Controversial results are reported for the experimental studies on hypo/hyperthyroid
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population ( 2 ). Graves' disease (GD) is an autoimmune disease of the thyroid gland and is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. The incidence is 20–50 cases per 100,000 people, with a peak between the ages of 30 and 50. The binding of thyroid
The Clatterbridge Cancer Centre, Wirral, UK
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Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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clinical trials included both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism (Supplementary Table 1, see section on supplementary materials given at the end of this article) but the clinical and biochemical manifestations were not detailed. Radioisotope scanning of
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hyperthyroidism, most frequently caused by Graves’ disease (GD), 10% of GO patients are hypothyroid, and 5% are euthyroid ( 2 ). Among GD patients, 20–50% develop ophthalmopathy, making GO the most prominent extrathyroidal manifestation of GD ( 3 ). Besides
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Symptomatic; thyroid replacement indicated; limiting instrumental ADL Severe symptoms; limiting self-care ADL; hospitalization indicated Life-threatening consequences; urgent intervention indicated Death Hyperthyroidism Asymptomatic; clinical or
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prostate weight ( 25 ). On the other hand, the effects of excessive THs on the prostate have been less studied. Figure 1 shows that hyperthyroidism induced during puberty increases testosterone levels but paradoxically reduces prostate weight in adult