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Alexander Tacey Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Department of Medicine-Western Health, Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Lewan Parker Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia

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Bu B Yeap Medical School, University of Western Australia, and Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

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John Joseph PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

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Ee M Lim PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

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Andrew Garnham Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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David L Hare University of Melbourne and the Department of Cardiology, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Tara Brennan-Speranza Department of Physiology and Bosch Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Itamar Levinger Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Department of Medicine-Western Health, Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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of prolonged GC treatment, this can result in iatrogenic Cushing’s syndrome with skin thinning and bruising, reduced bone density, accumulation of central adiposity, skeletal muscle wasting and hyperglycaemia ( 9 ). The withdrawal of exogenous GC or

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A V Dreval
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I V Trigolosova
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I V Misnikova
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Y A Kovalyova
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R S Tishenina
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I A Barsukov
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A V Vinogradova
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B H R Wolffenbuttel Moscow Regional Scientific Research Clinical Institute, Department of Endocrinology, 61/2 Shepkina str., 129110 Moscow, Russia

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acromegaly using two population-based surveys (16, 17) . We also analysed the factors contributing to the development of hyperglycaemia. Subjects and methods Patients A total of 97 patients with acromegaly undergoing treatment or long-term follow-up at the

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Thozhukat Sathyapalan Department of Academic Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK

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Anne-Marie Coady Department of Obstetric Ultrasound, Hull and East Yorkshire Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Hull, UK

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Eric S Kilpatrick Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar

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Stephen L Atkin Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar

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). However, it is unlikely that the β-cell function fell more than expected by the reduction in IR since there was no significant hyperglycaemia after 12 weeks of atorvastatin therapy as measured by fasting glucose. This reduction in HOMA-β was maintained

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Espen Nordheim Department of Transplantation Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

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Trond Geir Jenssen Department of Transplantation Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Metabolic and Renal Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT- The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø

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patients typically can cause a progressive decline in renal function. Hyperglycaemia starts the pathophysiologic mechanisms with a subsequent interplay of altered haemodynamics, metabolic and inflammatory pathways ( 4 ). When glomerular foot processes merge

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Nancy Martini Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Osteopatías y Metabolismo Mineral (LIOMM-UNLP-CICPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina

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Lucas Streckwall Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Osteopatías y Metabolismo Mineral (LIOMM-UNLP-CICPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina

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Antonio Desmond McCarthy Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Osteopatías y Metabolismo Mineral (LIOMM-UNLP-CICPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina

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RANK–RANKL interaction ( 9 ). Chronic activation of the RAGE receptor (due to AGEs accumulated on the extracellular matrix under conditions of reduced renal clearance, oxidative stress, carbonyl stress and/or hyperglycaemia) stimulates osteogenic

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Jing Hong Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China

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Wen-Yue Liu Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China

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Xiang Hu Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China

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Fei-Fei Jiang Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China

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Ze-Ru Xu Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China

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Fang Li Department of Endocrinology, Ruian Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Wenzhou, China

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Fei-Xia Shen Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China

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Hong Zhu Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China

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correlation among QTc interval, hyperglycaemia and the impaired autonomic activity . Autonomic Neuroscience 2010 154 94 – 9 8 . ( https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2009.11.006 ) 25 Zemaitis MR Boll JM & Dreyer MA Peripheral arterial disease

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Ziting Liang Department of Respiratory, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
Department of Respiratory, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Jinan, China

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Mengge Yang Department of Respiratory, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
Department of Respiratory, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Jinan, China

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Changjuan Xu Department of Respiratory, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
Department of Respiratory, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Jinan, China

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Rong Zeng Department of Respiratory, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
Department of Respiratory, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Jinan, China

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Liang Dong Department of Respiratory, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
Department of Respiratory, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Jinan, China

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. Nephron 2018 138 261 – 274 . ( https://doi.org/10.1159/000481951 ) 14 Garnett JP Baker EH Naik S Lindsay JA Knight GM Gill S Tregoning JS Baines DL . Metformin reduces airway glucose permeability and hyperglycaemia-induced Staphylococcus

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Xiujuan Su Department of Women & Children’s Health Care, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Yan Zhao Department of Women & Children’s Health Care, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Zhijuan Cao Department of Women & Children’s Health Care, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Yingying Yang Department of Women & Children’s Health Care, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Tony Duan Department of Obstetrics, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Jing Hua Department of Women & Children’s Health Care, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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antenatal visit, and included diabetes mellitus, hypertension, heart diseases and kidney diseases. We also investigated the association between IMH and pregnancy outcomes by trimester. Because birthweight was associated with hyperglycaemia, we adjusted the

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E R Polina Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, Brazil

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F M Oliveira Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, Brazil

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R C Sbruzzi Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, Brazil

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D Crispim Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil

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L H Canani Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
Department of Internal Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil

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K G Santos Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, Brazil
Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil

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Introduction Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a neurodegenerative complication of diabetes ( 1 ) consistently associated with other diabetic complications and with an overall worse prognosis ( 2 ). Hyperglycaemia triggers the activation of

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Natalio García-Honduvilla Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
Networking Biomedical Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
University Center of Defense of Madrid (CUD-ACD), Madrid, Spain

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Alberto Cifuentes Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
Networking Biomedical Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain

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Miguel A Ortega Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
Networking Biomedical Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain

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Marta Pastor Biopraxis Research AIE, Álava, Spain

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Garazi Gainza Biopraxis Research AIE, Álava, Spain

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Eusebio Gainza Biopraxis Research AIE, Álava, Spain

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Julia Buján Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
Networking Biomedical Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
University Center of Defense of Madrid (CUD-ACD), Madrid, Spain

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Melchor Álvarez-Mon Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
Networking Biomedical Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
University Center of Defense of Madrid (CUD-ACD), Madrid, Spain
Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology and Oncology Service, University Hospital Príncipe de Asturias, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain

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pathological situations, as in patients suffering from diabetes and/or chronic ulcers of different aetiologies ( 2 ). Diabetes mellitus is a systemic disease characterized by an abnormal carbohydrate metabolism with chronic hyperglycaemia and secondary

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