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Xiao-jun Zhou Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China

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Lin Ding Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China

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Jia-xin Liu Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China

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Le-qun Su Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China

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Jian-jun Dong Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China

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Lin Liao Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China

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glycemic control remains around 50% in the United States ( 3 ) and 39.7% in China ( 4 ). Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, characterized by low propensity of hypoglycemia and weight neutrality, have gradually become an important class in the

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M Jensterle Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia

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A Podbregar University Rehabilitation Institute Republic of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia

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K Goricar University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Ljubljana, Slovenia

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N Gregoric Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia

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A Janez Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia

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weight lost as well as its role after a trail of unsuccessful LSM is unclear. Only few studies to date reported that combination of TRT and LSM is superior to LSM alone in increasing insulin sensitivity, glycemic control, muscle mass and reducing liver

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Hoda Gad Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar

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Einas Elgassim Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar

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Ibrahim Mohammed Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
Department of Internal Medicine, Albany Medical Center Hospital, Albany, New York, USA

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Ahmad Yaser Alhaddad Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar

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Hussein Ahmed Hussein Zaky Aly KINDI Center for computing research, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar

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John-John Cabibihan Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar

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Abdulaziz Al-Ali KINDI Center for computing research, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar

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Kishor Kumar Sadasivuni Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar

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Aliyaa Haji Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar

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Neila Lamine Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar

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Adnan Khan Faculty of Healthy Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan

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Ioannis N Petropoulos Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar

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Georgios Ponirakis Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar

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Alise Kalteniece Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

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Maryam Ferdousi Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

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Shazli Azmi Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

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Uazman Alam Diabetes and Neuropathy Research, Department of Eye and Vision Sciences and Pain Research Institute, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool and Aintree University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University NHS Hospital Trust, Liverpool, UK
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Gastroenterology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

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Wajeeha Abuhelaiqa Hamad Medical Corporation, National Diabetes Center, Doha, Qatar

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Amin Jayyousi Hamad Medical Corporation, National Diabetes Center, Doha, Qatar

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Dabia AlMohanadi Hamad Medical Corporation, National Diabetes Center, Doha, Qatar

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Khaled Baagar Hamad Medical Corporation, National Diabetes Center, Doha, Qatar

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Rayaz A Malik Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

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lower limb amputation ( 1 ). Recognized risk factors for DPN include poor glycemic control, obesity, hypertension and dyslipidemia ( 3 , 4 ). However, HbA1c provides limited insight into the short-term variations in blood glucose, which may affect nerve

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M Boering Isala, Diabetes Centre, Zwolle, The Netherlands

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P R van Dijk Isala, Diabetes Centre, Zwolle, The Netherlands
Isala, Department of Internal Medicine, Zwolle, The Netherlands

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S J J Logtenberg Diakonessenhuis, Department of Internal Medicine, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Langerhans Medical Research group, Zwolle, The Netherlands

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K H Groenier Isala, Diabetes Centre, Zwolle, The Netherlands
Department of General Practice, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

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B H R Wolffenbuttel Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

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R O B Gans Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

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N Kleefstra Isala, Diabetes Centre, Zwolle, The Netherlands
Langerhans Medical Research group, Zwolle, The Netherlands
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

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H J G Bilo Isala, Diabetes Centre, Zwolle, The Netherlands
Isala, Department of Internal Medicine, Zwolle, The Netherlands
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

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randomized, open-label crossover trial that was carried out in a single center (Isala, Zwolle, the Netherlands) ( 23 ). The aim of this crossover trial was to investigate the influence of CIPII versus SC insulin treatment on glycemic control and hypoglycemic

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Tsung-Hui Wu Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

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Guan-Yu Su Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

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Tsung-Yun Liu Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan

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Hsiang-Tsui Wang Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
PhD Program in Toxicology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

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Chii-Min Hwu Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan

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fibers causes muscle weakness and sensory disturbances, and small fiber involvement is characterized by neuropathic pain, impaired temperature sensation, and autonomic dysfunction ( 2 ). While poor glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors have

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Annalisa Blasetti Department of Paediatrics, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy

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Valeria Castorani Department of Paediatrics, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy

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Nella Polidori Department of Paediatrics, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy

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Ilaria Mascioli Department of Paediatrics, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy

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Francesco Chiarelli Department of Paediatrics, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy

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Cosimo Giannini Department of Paediatrics, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy

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Introduction Type 1 diabetes (T1D) and other chronic diseases are well recognized to adversely affect linear growth in childhood. Indeed, early studies have shown that suboptimal glycemic control and longer disease duration can impair

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Yongli Fu Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical College, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang Province, People’s Republic of China

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Yaowu Sun Higher Education Research and Teaching Quality Assessment Center, Qiqihar Medical College, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang Province, People’s Republic of China

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Jiankun Zhang Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical College, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang Province, People’s Republic of China

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Yu Cheng Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Qiqihar Medical College, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang Province, People’s Republic of China

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Introduction The past two decades have witnessed great progress on the research regarding optimal glycemic control strategy for critically ill patients based on several randomized controlled trials (RCTs). However, there are still debates on

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Emmanuel K Fai University of Maryland Medical Center Midtown Campus, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

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Cheryl Anderson Walden University, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA

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Victor Ferreros Walden University, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA

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, 6 ). Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a common chronic disease. Adherence to needed drug regimens is important for individuals with type 2 diabetes. Inadequate adherence to the use of medical therapies results in poor glycemic control and thus increase

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W Liu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China

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Y Wang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China

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X Han Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China

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X Cai Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China

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Y Zhu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China

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M Zhang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China

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S Gong Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China

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J Li Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China

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L Ji Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China

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marital status were also associated with better glycemic control. ( 16 ) Socioeconomic status correlates with the level of self-management skills, such as the frequency of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) measurements, the timing of the meal bolus

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Jairo Arturo Pinzón-Cortés Biological Sciences Department, Laboratory of Human Genetics, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia

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Angelina Perna-Chaux Biological Sciences Department, Laboratory of Human Genetics, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia

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Nicolás Steven Rojas-Villamizar Biological Sciences Department, Laboratory of Human Genetics, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia

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Angélica Díaz-Basabe Biological Sciences Department, Laboratory of Human Genetics, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia

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Diana Carolina Polanía-Villanueva Biological Sciences Department, Laboratory of Human Genetics, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia

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María Fernanda Jácome Biological Sciences Department, Laboratory of Human Genetics, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia

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Carlos Olimpo Mendivil School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
Endocrinology Section, Hospital Universitario Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia

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Helena Groot Biological Sciences Department, Laboratory of Human Genetics, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia

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Valeriano López-Segura Biological Sciences Department, Laboratory of Human Genetics, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia

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this end, we quantitated the global levels of 5mC and 5hmC in the peripheral blood of patients with T2DM with good or poor glycemic control and then compared them to those of healthy controls. In addition, we analyzed the expression of three of the most

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