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primary AI, a mineralocorticoid analogue (fludrocortisone), with the aim to replace the missing cortisol and aldosterone, respectively. Conventional immediate-release (IR) HC does not replicate the physiological circadian rhythm of endogenous cortisol
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, 17 , 20 ). The model diversity illustrated this phenomenon. It is, however, reassuring that the main model structure of the final model was similar to other published models ( 16 ), with the main differences being the lack of circadian rhythm ( 16
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number of diabetes complications ( 19 ). Cortisol secretion follows a circadian rhythm with a nadir at midnight, starts to rise at 02:00–04:00 h, displays a peak briefly after waking up and then shows a progressive decrease during the day ( 20 ). The
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–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA): basal cortisol level <3 μg/dL indicated impaired HPA function while the basal cortisol level >15 μg/dL excluded it. If basal cortisol levels ranged from 3 to 15 μg/dL, the circadian rhythm of adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol (08
Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
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Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
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, 17 ). These include stress ( 18 ), disrupted circadian rhythms ( 19 ), the composition of the gut microbiome (bacterial diversity, balance of bacterial types and the particular species found) ( 20 , 21 ), air pollution from proximity to highways ( 22
Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, de Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, de Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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had no information on the timing of antenatal corticosteroid treatment. Finally, for practical reasons related to the NICU setting we were not able to collect 24-h urine. However, young infants have not yet developed an adult-like circadian rhythm ( 29
Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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. Epub 2015 May 1 150005 . ( https://doi.org/10.1530/EDM-15-0005 ) 37 Williams EL Choudhury S Tan T Meeran K Prednisolone replacement therapy mimics the circadian rhythm more closely Than other glucocorticoids . Journal of Applied Laboratory
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administered in two or three divided doses (the higher in the morning), as suggested in recent Consensus and Guidelines ( 2 , 6 ). Nevertheless, none of the proposed regimen is currently able to replicate the physiological cortisol circadian rhythm
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and salivary CgA have different routes of secretion: indeed, salivary CgA peaks upon awakening and then quickly decreases to nadir after 1 h and is maintained at a low level throughout the day, whereas plasma CgA did not show any circadian rhythm (84
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the circadian rhythms of behaviour that persist in constant darkness. In lesioned hamsters, circadian rhythmicity can be restored by transplanting fragments of neonatal suprachiasmatic nucleus into the third ventricle – and, remarkably, can do so even