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risks of HC are significantly increased in patients with total albumin-corrected calcium >3.5 mmol/L or ionized calcium >2.5 mmol/L. Hypercalcemia may be associated with a spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from minor symptoms in the case of
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, 20, 21) . Measurement of coronary artery calcium by multi-detector tomography has been shown to predict the risk of clinical coronary disease (22, 23, 24, 25) . This study tested whether subclinical atherosclerosis is accelerated in these IGHD
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Endocrine Unit 2, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Laboratory of Chemistry and Endocrinology, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Introduction During the past 10–20 years several investigators have noticed that there are patients with elevated serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels associated with consistently normal serum calcium concentration and no other causes of secondary
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changes: low serum calcium, hypercalciuria and hyperphosphatemia. In addition to this, inhibition of 1-α-hydroxylase causes a deficiency of 1,25 (OH) 2 vitamin D ( 2 ). These shifts lead to an increased risk of complications (renal stones, calcifications
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Introduction Vitamin D is an important pro-hormone that plays a key role in preserving the skeletal system, serum calcium levels and playing important roles in the cardiovascular system, central nervous system (CNS) and cancer prevention ( 1
Department of Nutrition, Institute of Life Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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the kidney, raising the question of whether non-renal cells produce 1,25(OH)2D for their specific necessities at a local level ( 3 , 16 , 59 , 60 ). The primary physiologic function of vitamin D and its metabolites is maintaining calcium
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Department of Emergency Medicine, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
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the risk of sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) in the community ( 5 ). Calcium is a bivalent cation that is essential for a number of physiological processes that include neuromuscular activity, endocrine and exocrine secretion, coagulation, immunity and
Regenerative Medicine Institute at CÚRAM SFI Research Centre, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway (NUIG), Galway, Ireland
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Department of Clinical Biochemistry, SUHCG, GUH, Galway, Ireland
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Lambe Institute for Translational Research, School of Medicine, NUIG, Galway, Ireland
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Regenerative Medicine Institute at CÚRAM SFI Research Centre, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway (NUIG), Galway, Ireland
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Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Hospitals Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Introduction Vitamin D is a fat soluble vitamin ( 1 ) essential for calcium and phosphate homeostasis, bone metabolism ( 2 ) and possibly the prevention of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer ( 3 ). Vitamin D is obtained
Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Department of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Department of Paediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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prevalent ( 9 ), reductions in both newborn weight and length are observed ( 10 , 11 ). Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a peptide hormone that primarily regulates calcium homeostasis by binding to the PTH 1 Receptor (PTH1R) ( 12 , 13 ), and is itself
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Jan van Goyen Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Introduction Pregnancy and lactation are challenging situations for the mother’s skeletal homeostasis. Significant changes in maternal calcium and bone metabolism must occur to fulfill the calcium requirements to build the fetal skeleton