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Antonella Giampietro Pituitary Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Fondazione A Gemelli, IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy

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Sabrina Chiloiro Pituitary Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Fondazione A Gemelli, IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy

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Claudio Urbani Endocrinology II Unit, Department of Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy

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Rosario Pivonello Dipartimento Di Medicina Clinica E Chirurgia, Sezione Di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy

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Martin Ove Carlsson Global Medical Affairs, Pfizer Rare Disease, Brussels, Belgium

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Francesca Dassie Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Nunzia Prencipe Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Medical Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy

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Marta Ragonese Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy

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Roy Gomez Global Medical Affairs, Pfizer Rare Disease, Brussels, Belgium

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Simona Granato Medical Department, Pfizer Italia, Rome, Italy

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Salvatore Cannavò Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy

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Silvia Grottoli Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Medical Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy

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Pietro Maffei Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Annamaria Colao Dipartimento Di Medicina Clinica E Chirurgia, Sezione Di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy

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Fausto Bogazzi Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Antonio Bianchi Pituitary Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Fondazione A Gemelli, IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy

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(GH)-secreting pituitary tumor that increases GH and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) secretion ( 2 ). The primary aim of the treatment – through neurosurgery, radiotherapy or pharmacological therapy – is to achieve disease control by normalizing

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Nelma Veronica Marques Neuroendocrinology Research Center, Endocrinology Section, Medical School and Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Luiz Eduardo Armondi Wildemberg Neuroendocrinology Research Center, Endocrinology Section, Medical School and Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Monica R Gadelha Neuroendocrinology Research Center, Endocrinology Section, Medical School and Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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normalising insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) levels that are inadequately controlled by octreotide or lanreotide ( 2 ). Long-term outcomes from clinical studies have demonstrated effective and consistent biochemical control with pasireotide for up to 304

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Hélène Lasolle Fédération d’Endocrinologie, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Hypophysaires HYPO, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
INSERM U1052; CNRS UMR5286; Cancer Research Centre of Lyon, Lyon, France

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Amandine Ferriere Service d’endocrinologie, diabète et nutrition, Hôpital Haut Lévêque, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
UFR Sciences médicales, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France

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Alexandre Vasiljevic Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
INSERM U1052; CNRS UMR5286; Cancer Research Centre of Lyon, Lyon, France
Centre de Pathologie et de Neuropathologie Est, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France

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Sandrine Eimer UFR Sciences médicales, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
Service d’anatomo-pathologie, Hopital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France

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Marie-Laure Nunes Service d’endocrinologie, diabète et nutrition, Hôpital Haut Lévêque, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France

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Antoine Tabarin Service d’endocrinologie, diabète et nutrition, Hôpital Haut Lévêque, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
UFR Sciences médicales, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France

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widely used first-line medical treatments and induce a significant decrease in GH/IGF-1 levels in a majority of patients. IGF-1 normalization is highly variable across studies ranging from 23 to 98% of patients ( 4 ). The GH receptor antagonist

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Yusaku Mori Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Department of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan

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Eunhyoung Ko Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Rudolf Furrer Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Linda C Qu Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Stuart C Wiber Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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I George Fantus Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Leadership Centre for Diabetes, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Mario Thevis Center for Preventive Doping Research and Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany

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Alan Medline Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Department of Pathology, Humber River Regional Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Adria Giacca Departments of Physiology and Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) are highly expressed in most breast cancers ( 19 ). In vitro studies show that glargine, which has a higher affinity for the IGF-1R than human insulin, also has a greater mitotic effect in breast cancer cell

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A V Dreval
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I V Trigolosova
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I V Misnikova
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Y A Kovalyova
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R S Tishenina
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I A Barsukov
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A V Vinogradova
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B H R Wolffenbuttel Moscow Regional Scientific Research Clinical Institute, Department of Endocrinology, 61/2 Shepkina str., 129110 Moscow, Russia

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(5) , the levels of growth hormone (GH) (9) , as well as the duration of acromegaly and duration of exposure to elevated GH levels (9, 10) . However, other authors have found no differences in GH levels and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) levels

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Bushra Shahida Department of Clinical Sciences, Genomics, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
Department of Diabetes & Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden

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Tereza Planck Department of Clinical Sciences, Genomics, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
Department of Diabetes & Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden

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Tania Singh Department of Clinical Sciences, Genomics, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden

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Peter Åsman Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Ophthalmology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
Department of Ophthalmology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden

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Mikael Lantz Department of Clinical Sciences, Genomics, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
Department of Diabetes & Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden

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TSHR induces cross-talk with insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) ( 10 ), which results in elevated levels of hyaluronic acid, leading to the disruption of the extraocular muscles ( 11 ). T cells bind to CD40 on orbital fibroblasts and induce

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Charlotte Höybye Department of Endocrinology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Metabolism and Diabetology, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Endocrinology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Metabolism and Diabetology, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden

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Erik Wahlström Department of Endocrinology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Metabolism and Diabetology, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden

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Petra Tollet-Egnell Department of Endocrinology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Metabolism and Diabetology, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden

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Gunnar Norstedt Department of Endocrinology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Metabolism and Diabetology, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden

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receptor and indirectly through production in the liver or the periphery of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1). IGF1 circulates bound to a number of binding proteins, of which six high-affinity proteins have been identified and fully characterised. IGF

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Nadia Sabbah Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d’Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l’Hypophyse, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
Hôpital de Cayenne, Service d’Endocrinologie et des Maladies Métaboliques, Cayenne, Guyane Française

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Peter Wolf Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d’Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l’Hypophyse, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

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Céline Piedvache Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Unité de Recherche Clinique, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France

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Séverine Trabado Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France

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Tristan Verdelet Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d’Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l’Hypophyse, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France

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Catherine Cornu Centre d’Investigation Clinique, INSERM CIC1407/UMR5558, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France

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Jean-Claude Souberbielle Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker, Service d’Explorations Fonctionnelles, Paris, France

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Philippe Chanson Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d’Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l’Hypophyse, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France

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Introduction IGF-1 measurement is important for the diagnosis and management of patients with growth hormone (GH) deficiency or acromegaly as well as in their follow-up ( 1 , 2 ). We previously established normative data for six IGF-I assays

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T L C Wolters Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

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C D C C van der Heijden Division of Experimental Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Division of Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

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N van Leeuwen Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

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B T P Hijmans-Kersten Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

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M G Netea Division of Experimental Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

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J W A Smit Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

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D H J Thijssen Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK

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A R M M Hermus Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

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N P Riksen Division of Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

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R T Netea-Maier Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

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Introduction Acromegaly is caused by overproduction of growth hormone (GH), in most cases by a pituitary adenoma. GH in turn induces production of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) ( 1 ). Both GH and IGF1 have numerous metabolic and trophic

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Lisa Arnetz Departments of Endocrinology, Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Metabolism and Diabetes
Departments of Endocrinology, Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Metabolism and Diabetes

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Neda Rajamand Ekberg Departments of Endocrinology, Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Metabolism and Diabetes
Departments of Endocrinology, Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Metabolism and Diabetes

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Kerstin Brismar Departments of Endocrinology, Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Metabolism and Diabetes
Departments of Endocrinology, Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Metabolism and Diabetes

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Michael Alvarsson Departments of Endocrinology, Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Metabolism and Diabetes
Departments of Endocrinology, Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Metabolism and Diabetes

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Introduction Along with progressive β-cell failure and insulin resistance, patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) display disturbed regulation of cortisol and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) secretion (1) . Especially regarding the hypothalamus

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