Mireille N M van Poppel
Mireille N M van Poppel
Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Christopher J Nolan
Christopher J Nolan
Department of Endocrinology at The Canberra Hospital and the Australian National University School of Medicine and Psychology, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Gernot Desoye
Gernot Desoye
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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increasing cord blood C-peptide concentrations ( 5 ). Are there sex differences in the effect of PA on fetal growth? Both sexes follow different growth trajectories and fetal insulin is associated with length and weight in a sex-specific manner ( 6 , 7
Lukas Ochsner Ridder
Lukas Ochsner Ridder
Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine and Medical Research Laboratories, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Agnethe Berglund
Agnethe Berglund
Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Clinical Genetics and Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Genetics and Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Kirstine Stochholm
Kirstine Stochholm
Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine and Medical Research Laboratories, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Simon Chang
Simon Chang
Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine and Medical Research Laboratories, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Unit for Thrombosis Research, Hospital of South West Jutland and University of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
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Unit for Thrombosis Research, Hospital of South West Jutland and University of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
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Claus H Gravholt
Claus H Gravholt
Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine and Medical Research Laboratories, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Unit for Thrombosis Research, Hospital of South West Jutland and University of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
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Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Unit for Thrombosis Research, Hospital of South West Jutland and University of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
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Rapp M Walczak-Jedrzejowska R Marchlewska K Oszukowska E Nordenstrom A & DSD- LIFE G roup . Risk of gonadal neoplasia in patients with disorders/differences of sex development . Cancer Epidemiology 2020 69 101800. ( https://doi.org/10
Myrian Velasco
Myrian Velasco
Neuroscience Division, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Rosa Isela Ortiz-Huidobro
Rosa Isela Ortiz-Huidobro
Neuroscience Division, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Carlos Larqué
Carlos Larqué
Department of Embryology and Genetics, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Yuriko Itzel Sánchez-Zamora
Yuriko Itzel Sánchez-Zamora
Neuroscience Division, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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José Romo-Yáñez
José Romo-Yáñez
Department of Gynecological and Perinatal Endocrinology, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología ‘Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes’, Mexico City, Mexico
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Marcia Hiriart
Marcia Hiriart
Neuroscience Division, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Introduction Morphological and physiological differences associated with sex are common in animals ( 1 ), many of them depend on gonadal hormones and sex chromosomes ( 2 ). Men and women differ in metabolism and energy balance ( 3 ). However
M Boering
M Boering
Isala, Diabetes Centre, Zwolle, The Netherlands
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P R van Dijk
P R van Dijk
Isala, Diabetes Centre, Zwolle, The Netherlands
Isala, Department of Internal Medicine, Zwolle, The Netherlands
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Isala, Department of Internal Medicine, Zwolle, The Netherlands
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S J J Logtenberg
S J J Logtenberg
Diakonessenhuis, Department of Internal Medicine, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Langerhans Medical Research group, Zwolle, The Netherlands
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Langerhans Medical Research group, Zwolle, The Netherlands
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K H Groenier
K H Groenier
Isala, Diabetes Centre, Zwolle, The Netherlands
Department of General Practice, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Department of General Practice, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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B H R Wolffenbuttel
B H R Wolffenbuttel
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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R O B Gans
R O B Gans
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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N Kleefstra
N Kleefstra
Isala, Diabetes Centre, Zwolle, The Netherlands
Langerhans Medical Research group, Zwolle, The Netherlands
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Langerhans Medical Research group, Zwolle, The Netherlands
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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H J G Bilo
H J G Bilo
Isala, Diabetes Centre, Zwolle, The Netherlands
Isala, Department of Internal Medicine, Zwolle, The Netherlands
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Isala, Department of Internal Medicine, Zwolle, The Netherlands
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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suggested to influence several extra-glycemic, metabolic, and endocrinological parameters, such as the sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG). SHBG is a glycoprotein produced in the liver, which regulates the bioavailability of sex steroids for target tissues
Julia H Goedecke
Julia H Goedecke
Non-communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
Division of Exercise Science and Sport Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, 3 Floor Sports Science Institute of South Africa Cape Town, South Africa
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Division of Exercise Science and Sport Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, 3 Floor Sports Science Institute of South Africa Cape Town, South Africa
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Mehreen Tootla
Mehreen Tootla
Division of Exercise Science and Sport Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, 3 Floor Sports Science Institute of South Africa Cape Town, South Africa
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Dheshnie Keswell
Dheshnie Keswell
Division of Exercise Science and Sport Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, 3 Floor Sports Science Institute of South Africa Cape Town, South Africa
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Introduction Sex hormones are important determinants of regional body fat distribution, as evidenced by gender differences in body fat distribution. Indeed, an increase in oestrogen levels are related to greater gynoid body fat deposition ( 1
Mohamed Asrih
Mohamed Asrih
Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Patient Therapeutic Education, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
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Flore Sinturel
Flore Sinturel
Thoracic and Endocrine Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), Geneva, Switzerland
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Richard Dubos
Richard Dubos
Department and Division of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), Geneva, Switzerland
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Idris Guessous
Idris Guessous
Department and Division of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), Geneva, Switzerland
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Zoltan Pataky
Zoltan Pataky
Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Patient Therapeutic Education, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Charna Dibner
Charna Dibner
Thoracic and Endocrine Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), Geneva, Switzerland
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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François R Jornayvaz
François R Jornayvaz
Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Patient Therapeutic Education, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Karim Gariani
Karim Gariani
Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Patient Therapeutic Education, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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identified as having prediabetes, a disorder that substantially increases the risk for diabetes ( 4 ). Thus, identification of relevant blood-based biomarkers allowing risk stratification in obese patients is required. As sex-specific differences in glucose
Elena V Varlamov
Elena V Varlamov
Department of Medicine (Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
Pituitary Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
Pituitary Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Dan Alexandru Niculescu
Dan Alexandru Niculescu
Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Swechya Banskota
Swechya Banskota
Department of Medicine (Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
Pituitary Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
Pituitary Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Simona Andreea Galoiu
Simona Andreea Galoiu
Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Catalina Poiana
Catalina Poiana
Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Maria Fleseriu
Maria Fleseriu
Department of Medicine (Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
Pituitary Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
Pituitary Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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laboratories. To normalize the values across the IGF-1assays and adjust for the age- and sex-related differences, IGF-1 values were expressed as IGF-1 index (IGF-1/upper limit of normal (ULN) for each patient).This is a common approach undertaken in most
Sarmistha Banerjee
Sarmistha Banerjee
Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Allison M Hayes
Allison M Hayes
Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Bernard H Shapiro
Bernard H Shapiro
Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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of CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 ( 3 , 4 ) while in the case of mice, males express greater levels of CYP2D9 ( 2 ). (ii) The sexual dimorphisms in CYP expression are determined by sex differences in the circulating growth hormone (GH) profiles in adulthood. More
Maki Igarashi
Maki Igarashi
Medical Support Center for Japan Environmental and Children’s Study, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
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Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
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Tadayuki Ayabe
Tadayuki Ayabe
Medical Support Center for Japan Environmental and Children’s Study, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
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Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
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Kiwako Yamamoto-Hanada
Kiwako Yamamoto-Hanada
Medical Support Center for Japan Environmental and Children’s Study, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
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Keiko Matsubara
Keiko Matsubara
Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
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Hatoko Sasaki
Hatoko Sasaki
Medical Support Center for Japan Environmental and Children’s Study, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
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Mayako Saito-Abe
Mayako Saito-Abe
Medical Support Center for Japan Environmental and Children’s Study, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
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Miori Sato
Miori Sato
Medical Support Center for Japan Environmental and Children’s Study, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
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Nathan Mise
Nathan Mise
Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
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Akihiko Ikegami
Akihiko Ikegami
Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
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Masayuki Shimono
Masayuki Shimono
Regional Center for Pilot Study of Japan Environment and Children’s Study, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
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Reiko Suga
Reiko Suga
Regional Center for Pilot Study of Japan Environment and Children’s Study, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
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Shouichi Ohga
Shouichi Ohga
Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
Research Center for Environment and Developmental Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
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Research Center for Environment and Developmental Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
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Masafumi Sanefuji
Masafumi Sanefuji
Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
Research Center for Environment and Developmental Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
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Research Center for Environment and Developmental Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
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Masako Oda
Masako Oda
Department of Public Health, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
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Hiroshi Mitsubuchi
Hiroshi Mitsubuchi
Department of Neonatology, Kumamoto University Hospital, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
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Takehiro Michikawa
Takehiro Michikawa
Japan Environment and Children’s Study Programme Office, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Shin Yamazaki
Shin Yamazaki
Japan Environment and Children’s Study Programme Office, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Shoji Nakayama
Shoji Nakayama
Japan Environment and Children’s Study Programme Office, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Yukihiro Ohya
Yukihiro Ohya
Medical Support Center for Japan Environmental and Children’s Study, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
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Maki Fukami
Maki Fukami
Medical Support Center for Japan Environmental and Children’s Study, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
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Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
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revealed slight sex differences in circulating E 2 levels in children below 7 years of age ( 6 ). These results indicate that sex-specific hormone production begins before adrenarche. However, given the limited number of previous reports, these data
Rafaella Sales de Freitas
Rafaella Sales de Freitas
Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Thiago F A França
Thiago F A França
Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Sabine Pompeia
Sabine Pompeia
Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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variation in kisspeptin concentrations at any age. Regarding PDS scores ( Fig. 1B ), boys had higher kisspeptin concentrations than girls from PDS score 2 onward. For DHEA-S and testosterone ( Fig. 1C and D plots, respectively), sex differences are
