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Sakina Kherra CHU Parnet Hopital, Algiers, Algeria

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Wendy Forsyth Paterson Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Yorkhill, Glasgow, UK

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Filiz Mine Cizmecioglu Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Department, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey

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Jeremy Huw Jones Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Royal Hospital for Children Glasgow, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK

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Mariam Kourime Abderrahim Harouchi Hôpital, Casablanca, Morocco

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Heba Hassan Elsedfy Pediatrics Department, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

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Sameh Tawfik Department of Pediatrics, Maadi Hospital, Cairo, Egypt

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Andreas Kyriakou Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Royal Hospital for Children Glasgow, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK

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Mohamad Guftar Shaikh Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Royal Hospital for Children Glasgow, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK

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Malcolm David Cairns Donaldson Section of Child Health, Glasgow University School of Medicine, Glasgow, UK

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within the population range, but oestradiol levels during and after puberty are low ( 15 ). For three decades, we have held a multidisciplinary PWS clinic in Glasgow ( 5 ), using pelvic ultrasonography, gonadotrophin stimulation testing and human

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Liza Haqq School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia

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James McFarlane School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia

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Gudrun Dieberg School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia

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Neil Smart School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia

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Introduction Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous endocrine disorder, affecting 18–22% of reproductive-age women (1) . PCOS was first reported in 1935 by Stein & Leventhal (2) and is characterised by clinical or biochemical

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Hyun-Ah Kim Department of Surgery, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Jihye Choi Department of Surgery, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Chan Sub Park Department of Surgery, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Min-Ki Seong Department of Surgery, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Sung-Eun Hong Department of Translational Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Jae-Sung Kim Division of Basic Radiation Bioscience, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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In-Chul Park Division of Basic Radiation Bioscience, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Jin Kyung Lee KIRAMS Radiation Biobank, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Woo Chul Noh Department of Surgery, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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the ASTRRA trial investigators
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-induced amenorrhoea. Despite this high incidence of chemotherapy-induced amenorrhoea, 27–75% of patients regain ovarian function ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ). The selection of optimal adjuvant endocrine therapy for these patients is particularly difficult. Aromatase

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Enrique Pedernera Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Embriología y Genética, Ciudad de México, México

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Flavia Morales-Vásquez Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Ciudad de México, México

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María J Gómora Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Embriología y Genética, Ciudad de México, México

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Miguel A Almaraz Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Embriología y Genética, Ciudad de México, México

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Esteban Mena Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Medicina, Secretaría General, Ciudad de México, México
Universidad La Salle, Posgrado de la Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Ciudad de México, México

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Delia Pérez-Montiel Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Ciudad de México, México

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Elizabeth Rendon Hospital Militar de Especialidades de la Mujer y Neonatología. Ciudad de México, México

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Horacio López-Basave Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Ciudad de México, México

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Juan Maldonado-Cubas Universidad La Salle, Posgrado de la Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Ciudad de México, México

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Carmen Méndez Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Embriología y Genética, Ciudad de México, México

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-Dereure F Capony F Maudelonde T & Rochefort H . Estradiol stimulates cell growth and secretion of procathepsin D and a 120-kilodalton protein in the human ovarian cancer cell line BG-1 . Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1992 75 1497

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Małgorzata Więcek Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland

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Jakub Gawlik Student Scientific Society at the Department of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland

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Zuzanna Nowak Student Scientific Society at the Department of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland

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Aneta Gawlik Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland

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, FSH before ovarian stimulation was above >15 mIU/mL. Better results are achieved when FSH is combined with other factors, as is shown in a retrospective study by Volodarsky-Perel ( 26 ). Combining FSH ≤ 20 mIU/mL with anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) > 0

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Isabelle Flechtner Center for Rare Gynecological Disorders, Centre des Pathologies Gynécologiques Rares, Paris, France
Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Gynaecology, and Diabetology, AP-HP, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, IMAGINE Institute affiliate, Paris, France

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Magali Viaud Center for Rare Gynecological Disorders, Centre des Pathologies Gynécologiques Rares, Paris, France
Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Gynaecology, and Diabetology, AP-HP, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, IMAGINE Institute affiliate, Paris, France

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Dulanjalee Kariyawasam Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Gynaecology, and Diabetology, AP-HP, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, IMAGINE Institute affiliate, Paris, France

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Marie Perrissin-Fabert Center for Rare Gynecological Disorders, Centre des Pathologies Gynécologiques Rares, Paris, France
Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Gynaecology, and Diabetology, AP-HP, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, IMAGINE Institute affiliate, Paris, France

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Maud Bidet Center for Rare Gynecological Disorders, Centre des Pathologies Gynécologiques Rares, Paris, France
Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Gynaecology, and Diabetology, AP-HP, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, IMAGINE Institute affiliate, Paris, France

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Anne Bachelot Center for Rare Gynecological Disorders, Centre des Pathologies Gynécologiques Rares, Paris, France
Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, AP-HPIE3M, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, ICAN, Paris, France

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Philippe Touraine Center for Rare Gynecological Disorders, Centre des Pathologies Gynécologiques Rares, Paris, France
Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, AP-HPIE3M, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, ICAN, Paris, France

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Philippe Labrune Department of Pediatrics, APHP, Centre de Référence des Maladies héréditaires du Métabolisme Hépatique, Hopital Antoine Béclère and Paris Sud University, Clamart, France

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Pascale de Lonlay Reference Center of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Université de Paris, Necker Enfants Malades, University Hospital, Paris, France
Centre for Rare Gynecological Disorders, Hospital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, Paediatric Endocrinology, Gynaecology and Diabetology, AP-HP, Université de Paris, Paris, France

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Michel Polak Center for Rare Gynecological Disorders, Centre des Pathologies Gynécologiques Rares, Paris, France
Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Gynaecology, and Diabetology, AP-HP, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, IMAGINE Institute affiliate, Paris, France
Centre for Rare Gynecological Disorders, Hospital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, Paediatric Endocrinology, Gynaecology and Diabetology, AP-HP, Université de Paris, Paris, France

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Scarce follicles RO several follicles RO 28·20 mm 4 follicles LO 19·13 mm 3 follicles NA Pregnancy  Spontaneous 2 2 1 1  Stimulation 0 0 2 0  Miscarriage 1 (6 weeks) 0 0 0 Ovarian

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Wolfgang Koechling Ferring Pharmaceuticals A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Daniel Plaksin Bio-Technology General Israel Ltd, Ferring Pharmaceuticals, Kiryat Malachi, Israel

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Glenn E Croston Croston Consulting, San Diego, California, USA

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Janni V Jeppesen The Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, The Department of Fertility at The Juliane Marie Centre, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital and The University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Kirsten T Macklon The Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, The Department of Fertility at The Juliane Marie Centre, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital and The University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Claus Yding Andersen The Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, The Department of Fertility at The Juliane Marie Centre, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital and The University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Introduction Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) released from the anterior pituitary in response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) plays a central role in reproduction in women, driving the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles

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Zhou Zheng Department of Medical Laboratory, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China

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Xiuming Zhang Department of Medical Laboratory, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China

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Fanggui Wu Department of Reproductive Medicine, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China

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Haizhen Liao Department of Reproductive Medicine, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China

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Huan Zhao Department of Reproductive Medicine, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China

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Minqi Zhang Department of Reproductive Medicine, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China

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Shangjie Liu Department of Reproductive Medicine, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China

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. Figure 1 Flowchart of data collection and processing (BMI, kg/m 2 ). IVF protocols The protocol for ovarian stimulation (OS) was determined individually according to standard practice and the patient’s characteristics, including age

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Yanfei Chen Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China

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Mei Li Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China

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Binrong Liao Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China

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Jingzi Zhong Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China

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Dan Lan Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China

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endocrinologist. BA and uterine and ovarian ultrasounds were performed in girls with CPP and PT. BMI was calculated as weight (kg) /height (m) 2 . The GnRH stimulation test was carried out by subcutaneously injecting 2.5 μg/kg (up to 100 μg) of triptorelin

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Manjeetkaur Sehemby Department of Endocrinology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, India

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Prachi Bansal Department of Endocrinology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, India

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Vijaya Sarathi Department of Endocrinology, Narayana Medical College, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India

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Ashwini Kolhe Department of Pathology, Seth GS Medical college and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, India

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Kanchan Kothari Department of Pathology, Seth GS Medical college and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, India

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Swati Jadhav-Ramteke Department of Endocrinology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, India

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Anurag R Lila Department of Endocrinology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, India

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Tushar Bandgar Department of Endocrinology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, India

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Nalini S Shah Department of Endocrinology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, India

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Introduction Ovarian tumor is an important cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in middle-aged women. Ovarian tumors are broadly classified into epithelial and nonepithelial tumors, of which epithelial tumors are common. Nonepithelial

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