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Elham Barazeghi Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden

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Per Hellman Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden

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Gunnar Westin Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden

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Peter Stålberg Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden

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tumors ( 4 ). Promoter DNA methylation studies revealed increased RASSF1A / CTNNB1 methylation associated with metastatic progression, and epigenetic repression of TCEB3C in SI-NETs ( 5 , 6 ). A comprehensive integrated molecular analysis of a large

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K L Gatford School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia

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G K Heinemann School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia

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S D Thompson School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia

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J V Zhang School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia

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S Buckberry School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia

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J A Owens School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia

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G A Dekker School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia

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C T Roberts School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia

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on behalf of the SCOPE Consortium School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia

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locus, who therefore express maternal and paternal IGF2 alleles, often have pre- and postnatal overgrowth, suggesting increased IGF2 availability (reviewed by (40) ). This suggests that SNPs associated with altered DNA methylation at this locus may

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Djeda Belharazem Institute of Pathology, Institute of Pathology Nordhessen, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Departments of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1–3, 68135 Mannheim, Germany

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Matthias Kirchner Institute of Pathology, Institute of Pathology Nordhessen, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Departments of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1–3, 68135 Mannheim, Germany
Institute of Pathology, Institute of Pathology Nordhessen, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Departments of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1–3, 68135 Mannheim, Germany

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Franziska Geissler Institute of Pathology, Institute of Pathology Nordhessen, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Departments of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1–3, 68135 Mannheim, Germany

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Peter Bugert Institute of Pathology, Institute of Pathology Nordhessen, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Departments of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1–3, 68135 Mannheim, Germany

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Martin Spahn Institute of Pathology, Institute of Pathology Nordhessen, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Departments of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1–3, 68135 Mannheim, Germany

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Burkhard Kneitz Institute of Pathology, Institute of Pathology Nordhessen, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Departments of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1–3, 68135 Mannheim, Germany

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Hubertus Riedmiller Institute of Pathology, Institute of Pathology Nordhessen, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Departments of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1–3, 68135 Mannheim, Germany

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Christian Sauer Institute of Pathology, Institute of Pathology Nordhessen, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Departments of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1–3, 68135 Mannheim, Germany

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Stefan Küffer Institute of Pathology, Institute of Pathology Nordhessen, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Departments of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1–3, 68135 Mannheim, Germany

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Lutz Trojan Institute of Pathology, Institute of Pathology Nordhessen, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Departments of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1–3, 68135 Mannheim, Germany

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Christian Bolenz Institute of Pathology, Institute of Pathology Nordhessen, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Departments of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1–3, 68135 Mannheim, Germany

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Maurice Stephan Michel Institute of Pathology, Institute of Pathology Nordhessen, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Departments of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1–3, 68135 Mannheim, Germany

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Alexander Marx Institute of Pathology, Institute of Pathology Nordhessen, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Departments of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1–3, 68135 Mannheim, Germany

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Philipp Ströbel Institute of Pathology, Institute of Pathology Nordhessen, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Departments of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1–3, 68135 Mannheim, Germany
Institute of Pathology, Institute of Pathology Nordhessen, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Departments of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1–3, 68135 Mannheim, Germany

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(e.g. methylation) that usually allow expression of only one allele in a parent-of-origin-dependent fashion (6) . Loss of imprinting (LOI) is considered one of the earliest (7) and most abundant alterations in cancer (8) . Among the 90 imprinted

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K G Samsom Department of Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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L M van Veenendaal Department of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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G D Valk Department of Endocrine Oncology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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M R Vriens Department of Surgical Oncology and Endocrine Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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M E T Tesselaar Department of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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J G van den Berg Department of Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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((((((((((genom*[Title/Abstract]) OR epigenetic*[Title/Abstract]) OR gene*[Title/Abstract]) OR exom*[Title/Abstract]) OR chromosom*[Title/Abstract]) OR molecular*[Title/Abstract]) OR allel*[Title/Abstract])) OR sequenc*[Title/Abstract]) OR (((((methylation

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Hui Li Department of Thyroid Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University/Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.

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Peng Wu Department of Thyroid Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University/Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.

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various diseases, including thyroid cancer ( 3 , 4 ). This regulation includes DNA methylation, chromatin remodeling, histone modifications, and the expression of diverse non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as microRNAs (miRNAs), long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), and

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Nancy J Olsen Division of Rheumatology, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, College of Medicine, Milton S Hershey Medical Center, The Pennsylvania State University, Mail Code H044, 500 University Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-0850, USA

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Ann L Benko Division of Rheumatology, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, College of Medicine, Milton S Hershey Medical Center, The Pennsylvania State University, Mail Code H044, 500 University Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-0850, USA

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William J Kovacs Division of Rheumatology, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, College of Medicine, Milton S Hershey Medical Center, The Pennsylvania State University, Mail Code H044, 500 University Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-0850, USA

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medications at the time of entry into the study. Androgen receptor CAG repeat genotyping, AR gene methylation analysis, and calculation of weighted AR CAG repeat length Genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral whole blood or from buffy coat cells using the

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Magnolia Ariza-Nieto Cornell University, Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Ithaca, New York, USA
epiWELL, LLC, Ithaca, New York, USA

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Joshua B Alley Donald Guthrie Foundation for Education and Research, Guthrie Clinic, Sayre, Pennsylvania, USA

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Sanjay Samy Donald Guthrie Foundation for Education and Research, Guthrie Clinic, Sayre, Pennsylvania, USA

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Laura Fitzgerald Donald Guthrie Foundation for Education and Research, Guthrie Clinic, Sayre, Pennsylvania, USA

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Francoise Vermeylen Cornell University, Cornell Statistical Consulting Unit, Ithaca, New York, USA

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Michael L Shuler Cornell University, Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Ithaca, New York, USA

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José O Alemán New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA

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methylation-susceptible CpG islands in their promoter regions, and for that they are known to form regulatory loops with DNMT1 in cancer tissue and cancer cell lines in vitro ( 17 ). In adipocytes, DNMT1 contributes to the expression of adiponectin ( 18

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Helene Bandsholm Leere Tallaksen Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Emma B Johannsen Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Jesper Just Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Mette Hansen Viuff Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Claus H Gravholt Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Anne Skakkebæk Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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chromosome abnormalities,’ ‘Turner syndrome,’ ‘Klinefelter syndrome,’ ‘47,XYY,’ and ‘47,XXX’ as search terms in combination with ‘DNA methylation,’ ‘transcriptome profile,’ ‘epigenetics,’ and ‘genomics’. Relevant articles were obtained and reviewed as well as

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P G Murray Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Genetic Medicine, 5th Floor Research, Genetic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Genetic Medicine, 5th Floor Research, Genetic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, UK

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D Hanson Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Genetic Medicine, 5th Floor Research, Genetic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, UK

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T Coulson Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Genetic Medicine, 5th Floor Research, Genetic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, UK

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A Stevens Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Genetic Medicine, 5th Floor Research, Genetic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, UK

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A Whatmore Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Genetic Medicine, 5th Floor Research, Genetic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, UK

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R L Poole Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Genetic Medicine, 5th Floor Research, Genetic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, UK

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D J Mackay Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Genetic Medicine, 5th Floor Research, Genetic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, UK

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G C M Black Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Genetic Medicine, 5th Floor Research, Genetic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Genetic Medicine, 5th Floor Research, Genetic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, UK

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P E Clayton Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Genetic Medicine, 5th Floor Research, Genetic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Genetic Medicine, 5th Floor Research, Genetic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, UK

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experiment, three independent RNA extractions were assayed with three technical replicates. Methylation analysis of H19 and IGF2 One microgram peripheral leukocyte or fibroblast-derived genomic DNA was treated with bisulphite using the EZ-DNA Methylation kit

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Danielle Christine Maria van der Kaay Erasmus University Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology, Rotterdam, Netherlands

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Anne Rochtus Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Gerhard Binder University Children’s Hospital, Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

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Ingo Kurth Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany

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Dirk Prawitt Center for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany

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Irène Netchine Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, INSERM, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France

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Gudmundur Johannsson Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Department of Endocrinology at Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Anita C S Hokken-Koelega Erasmus University Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology, Rotterdam, Netherlands

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Miriam Elbracht Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany

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Thomas Eggermann Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany

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. AD, autosomal dominant; AR, autosomal recessive; BWS, Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome; GH, growth hormone; MLPA, multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification; MS-MLPA, methylation-specific MLPA; NS, Noonan syndrome; SGA, small for gestational age; SNP

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