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Mirjam M Oosterwerff Departments of Internal Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Public and Occupational Health, Endocrine Section

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Rosa Meijnen Departments of Internal Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Public and Occupational Health, Endocrine Section

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Natasja M Van Schoor Departments of Internal Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Public and Occupational Health, Endocrine Section

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Dirk L Knol Departments of Internal Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Public and Occupational Health, Endocrine Section

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Mark H H Kramer Departments of Internal Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Public and Occupational Health, Endocrine Section

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Mireille N M Van Poppel Departments of Internal Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Public and Occupational Health, Endocrine Section

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Paul Lips Departments of Internal Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Public and Occupational Health, Endocrine Section

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E Marelise W Eekhoff Departments of Internal Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Public and Occupational Health, Endocrine Section

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a younger adult population is limited. Vitamin D supplementation increased muscle power in young Arabic women (16) and improved physical performance in a small trial in 40 healthy volunteers with hypovitaminosis D (17) , but not all studies showed

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Ranganathan R Rao Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Warwick Medical School, Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Head and Neck Studies and Education (InHANSE), Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK

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Harpal S Randeva Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Warwick Medical School, Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Head and Neck Studies and Education (InHANSE), Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Warwick Medical School, Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Head and Neck Studies and Education (InHANSE), Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK

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Sailesh Sankaranarayanan Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Warwick Medical School, Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Head and Neck Studies and Education (InHANSE), Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Warwick Medical School, Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Head and Neck Studies and Education (InHANSE), Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK

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Murthy Narashima Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Warwick Medical School, Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Head and Neck Studies and Education (InHANSE), Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Warwick Medical School, Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Head and Neck Studies and Education (InHANSE), Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK

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Matthias Möhlig Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Warwick Medical School, Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Head and Neck Studies and Education (InHANSE), Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK

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Hisham Mehanna Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Warwick Medical School, Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Head and Neck Studies and Education (InHANSE), Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK

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Martin O Weickert Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Warwick Medical School, Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Head and Neck Studies and Education (InHANSE), Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Warwick Medical School, Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Head and Neck Studies and Education (InHANSE), Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK

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postmenopausal women with pHPT and coexistent hypovitaminosis D who were treated with vitamin D in various preparations and doses (colecalciferol, ergocalciferol and/or natural sources) and showed an increase in serum 25OHD levels above the threshold of vitamin D

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Jane Fletcher Nutrition Nurses, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Trust, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
School of Nursing, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK

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Emma L Bishop Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Stephanie R Harrison Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK

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Amelia Swift School of Nursing, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK

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Sheldon C Cooper Gastroenterology Department, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Trust, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK

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Sarah K Dimeloe Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Karim Raza Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Martin Hewison Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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M . Vitamin D and DBP: the free hormone hypothesis revisited . Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2014 144 132 – 137 . ( https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.09.012 ) 8 Hypponen E Power C . Hypovitaminosis D in British

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Federica Saponaro Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology, Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
Endocrinology Unit 2, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Alessandro Saba Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology, Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Sabina Frascarelli Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology, Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Concetta Prontera Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, Pisa, Italy

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Aldo Clerico Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, Pisa, Italy

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Marco Scalese Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Council of Research, Pisa, Italy

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Maria Rita Sessa Laboratory of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Filomena Cetani Endocrinology Unit 2, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Simona Borsari Endocrinology Unit 2, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Elena Pardi Endocrinology Unit 2, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Antonella Marvelli Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Claudio Marcocci Endocrinology Unit 2, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Claudio Passino Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, Pisa, Italy

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Riccardo Zucchi Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology, Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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, 4 , 5 , 6 ). Indeed, hypovitaminosis D is associated with an increased risk of hypertension, coronary artery disease, ischemic heart disease and stroke. Moreover, it is known that it is involved in the pathophysiology of HF, with different

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Barbara J Boucher Blizard Institute, Barts & The London school of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK

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Investigation 2002 110 229 – 238 . ( https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI15219 ) 37 Cheng Q , Boucher BJ & Leung PS . Modulation of hypovitaminosis D-induced islet dysfunction and insulin resistance through direct suppression of the pancreatic islet

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Changwei Liu Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Jingwen Wang Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Yuanyuan Wan Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Xiaona Xia Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Jian Pan Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Wei Gu Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Mei Li Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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cells and promotes their apoptosis, preventing their transformation into antigen-presenting cells, which is the first step in the initiation of an immune response ( 9 ). Mice with diet-induced hypovitaminosis D led impaired glucose tolerance, increased

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R Perchard Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

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L Magee Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

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A Whatmore Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

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F Ivison Department of Biochemistry, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK

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P Murray Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Central Manchester Foundation Hospitals NHS Trust, Manchester, UK

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A Stevens Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

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M Z Mughal Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Central Manchester Foundation Hospitals NHS Trust, Manchester, UK

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S Ehtisham Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Central Manchester Foundation Hospitals NHS Trust, Manchester, UK

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J Campbell Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Central Manchester Foundation Hospitals NHS Trust, Manchester, UK

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S Ainsworth Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Central Manchester Foundation Hospitals NHS Trust, Manchester, UK

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M Marshall Department of Biochemistry, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK

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M Bone Department of General Paediatrics, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Central Manchester Foundation Hospitals NHS Trust, Manchester, UK

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I Doughty Department of General Paediatrics, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Central Manchester Foundation Hospitals NHS Trust, Manchester, UK

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P E Clayton Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Central Manchester Foundation Hospitals NHS Trust, Manchester, UK

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-015-0231-2 ) 26 Chiu KC Chu A Go VL Saad MF. Hypovitaminosis D is associated with insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2004 79 820 – 825 . 27 Penckofer S Kouba J Wallis DE

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K Amrein Thyroid Endocrinology Osteoporosis Institute Dobnig, Graz, Austria
Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

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A Papinutti Department of General Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

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E Mathew Department of General Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
Department of General Surgery, St. Elisabeth’s Hospital, Graz, Austria

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G Vila Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

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D Parekh Clinician Scientist in Critical Care, Birmingham, Acute Care Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Medicine 2007 357 266 – 281 . ( https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra070553 ) 54 Sempos CT Heijboer AC Bikle DD Bollerslev J Bouillon R Brannon PM DeLuca HF Jones G Munns CF Bilezikian JP , et al . Vitamin D assays and the definition of hypovitaminosis D

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Christian Trummer Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

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Stefan Pilz Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

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Verena Schwetz Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

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Barbara Obermayer-Pietsch Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

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Elisabeth Lerchbaum Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

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Wehr E Pilz S Schweighofer N Giuliani A Kopera D Pieber TR Obermayer-Pietsch B. Association of hypovitaminosis D with metabolic disturbances in polycystic ovary syndrome . European Journal of Endocrinology 2009 161 575 – 582 . ( https

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Karolien Van De Maele Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, KidZ Health Castle, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium

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Jean De Schepper Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, KidZ Health Castle, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium

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Jesse Vanbesien Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, KidZ Health Castle, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium

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Monique Van Helvoirt Zeepreventorium, De Haan, Belgium

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Ann De Guchtenaere Zeepreventorium, De Haan, Belgium

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Inge Gies Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, KidZ Health Castle, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium

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.2011-0385 ) 2 Alemzadeh R Kichler J Babar G Calhoun M . Hypovitaminosis D in obese children and adolescents: relationship with adiposity, insulin sensitivity, ethnicity, and season . Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental 2008 183 – 191

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