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Alessandro Brancatella Endocrine Unit 1, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Claudio Marcocci Endocrine Unit 2, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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of treatment is to replace thyroid function but, in the latter condition, an additional aim is to keep the serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) at the lower limit of the normal range and possibly below (TSH suppressive therapy) to improve the

Article Type:
Review Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-20-0167
Volume/Issue:
Volume 9: Issue 7
Open access
Jasmin Asberger Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

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Thalia Erbes Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

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Markus Jaeger Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

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Gerta Rücker Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

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Claudia Nöthling Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

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Andrea Ritter Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

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Kai Berner Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

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Ingolf Juhasz-Böss Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

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Marc Hirschfeld Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany

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therapeutic options, these qualify for a successful approach of endocrine therapy ( 5 , 6 ). Endocrine therapy evolved as one of the main concepts in the adjuvant systemic treatment of hormone-positive breast cancer patients. Clinically established agents

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-20-0281
Volume/Issue:
Volume 9: Issue 12
Open access
Ulla Schmidt Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Endocrine Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine O, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev Ringvej, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark

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Birte Nygaard Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Endocrine Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine O, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev Ringvej, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark

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Ebbe Winther Jensen Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Endocrine Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine O, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev Ringvej, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark

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Jan Kvetny Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Endocrine Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine O, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev Ringvej, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark

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Anne Jarløv Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Endocrine Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine O, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev Ringvej, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark

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Jens Faber Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Endocrine Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine O, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev Ringvej, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark
Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Endocrine Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine O, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev Ringvej, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark

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calculated and was found to be similar before randomization (in median 80) and after T 4 monotherapy (78), whereas the ratio decreased remarkably (29) during combination therapy reflecting both decreasing FT 4 I and increasing FT 3 I. Table 2 Thyroid hormone

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-12-0064
Volume/Issue:
Volume 2: Issue 1
Open access
Svjatoslavs Kistkins Pauls Stradiņš Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia

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Othmar Moser Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, Institute of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany

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Vitālijs Ankudovičs Pauls Stradiņš Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia

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Dmitrijs Blizņuks Institute of Smart Computing Technologies, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia

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Timurs Mihailovs Institute of Smart Computing Technologies, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia

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Sergejs Lobanovs Pauls Stradiņš Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia

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Harald Sourij Trials Unit for Interdisciplinary Metabolic Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetolgoy, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

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Andreas F H Pfeiffer Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Medicine, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine, Hindenburgdamm, Berlin, Germany

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Valdis Pīrāgs Pauls Stradiņš Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia

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perspectives in the combinatory use of incretin-based therapies in diabesity and physiological nature of hormonal crosstalk The primary objective of treating diabetes in particular novel pharmacological options leading to significant weight loss is to enhance

Article Type:
Review Article
Collections:
Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-23-0529
Volume/Issue:
Volume 13: Issue 5
Open access
Chan Sub Park Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Buk-gu, Daegu, Republic of Korea

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Jihye Choi Department of General Surgery, National Medical Center, Jung-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Min-Ki Seong Department of Surgery, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Nowon-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Sung-Eun Hong Radiation Medicine Clinical Research Division, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Nowon-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Jae-Sung Kim Radiation Medicine Clinical Research Division, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Nowon-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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In-Chul Park Division of Fusion Radiology Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Nowon-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Hyesil Seol Department of Pathology, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Nowon-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Woo Chul Noh Department of Surgery, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Nowon-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Hyun-Ah Kim Department of Surgery, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Nowon-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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has a beneficial effect on reducing cerebrovascular events in healthy postmenopausal women. However, concerning the breast cancer, the excess exposure to the high level of estradiol such as has long-term hormone replacement therapy, early menarche

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-19-0101
Volume/Issue:
Volume 8: Issue 7
Open access
Charlotte Höybye Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetology, Karolinska University Hospital and Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden

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Andreas F H Pfeiffer Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Klinik für Endokrinologie & Stoffwechselmedizin, Berlin, Germany

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Diego Ferone IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Università di Genova – Endocrinologia DiMI, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, & CEBR, Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica, Genova, Italy

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Jens Sandahl Christiansen Medicinsk Endokrinologist Afd., MEA, NBG, Århus Sygehus, Århus, Denmark

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David Gilfoyle Ascendis Pharma A/S, Hellerup, Denmark

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Eva Dam Christoffersen Ascendis Pharma A/S, Hellerup, Denmark

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Eva Mortensen Ascendis Pharma Inc., Palo Alto, California, USA

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Jonathan A Leff Ascendis Pharma Inc., Palo Alto, California, USA

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Michael Beckert Ascendis Pharma A/S, Hellerup, Denmark

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and 70 years with a body mass index (BMI) of 19.0–36.0 kg/m 2 ) diagnosed with AGHD (defined according to the Growth Hormone Research Society Consensus Guidelines of 1998 and 2007) ( 1 , 12 ) who were stable on GH replacement therapy for at least 3

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-17-0007
Volume/Issue:
Volume 6: Issue 3
Open access
Trine Holm Johannsen Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
International Centre for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jakob Albrethsen Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
International Centre for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Vassos Neocleous The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Department of Molecular Genetics, Function and Therapy, Nicosia, Cyprus

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Federico Baronio S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Bologna, Italy

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Martine Cools Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital and Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

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Lise Aksglaede Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
International Centre for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Niels Jørgensen Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
International Centre for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Peter Christiansen Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
International Centre for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Meropi Toumba The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Department of Molecular Genetics, Function and Therapy, Nicosia, Cyprus
Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Aretaeio Hospital, Nicosia, Cyprus

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Pavlos Fanis The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Department of Molecular Genetics, Function and Therapy, Nicosia, Cyprus

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Marie Lindhardt Ljubicic Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
International Centre for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Anders Juul Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
International Centre for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark

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adrenocorticotropic hormone and, thus, an overproduction of adrenal androgens, which may result in virilization, an altered growth pattern, and infertility ( 2 ). Treatment of CAH may comprise life-long replacement therapy with glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

Article Type:
Research Article
Collections:
Adrenal
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-23-0073
Volume/Issue:
Volume 12: Issue 8
Open access
Bjarke R Medici Department of Medicine, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark

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Birte Nygaard Department of Medicine, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jeppe L la Cour Department of Medicine, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark

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Martin Krakauer Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Andreas Brønden Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Mette P Sonne Department of Medicine, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark

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Jens J Holst Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jens F Rehfeld Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Tina Vilsbøll Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark

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Jens Faber Department of Medicine, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Filip K Knop Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark

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thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (i.e. < 4 mU/L) (visit 2), and after at least 6 months of substitution therapy with TSH < 4 mU/L (visit 3). Levothyroxine therapy was initially evaluated every 4 weeks until the participants were euthyroid and then every 3

Article Type:
Research Article
Collections:
Thyroid
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-23-0314
Volume/Issue:
Volume 12: Issue 10
Open access
Werner F Blum University Children’s Hospital, Giessen, Germany

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Abdullah Alherbish Al Habib Medical Group, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Afaf Alsagheir King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Ahmed El Awwa Department of Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetes, Hamad Medical Center, Doha, Qatar

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Walid Kaplan Tawam Hospital, Al Ain, UAE

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Ekaterina Koledova Global Medical Affairs Endocrinology, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany

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Martin O Savage William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, London, UK

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Introduction The growth hormone (GH)–insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I axis is the principle endocrine system regulating linear growth in children ( 1 ). Linked to the nutritional status of the individual, GH is a potent stimulator of IGF

Article Type:
Review Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-18-0099
Volume/Issue:
Volume 7: Issue 6
Open access
Thera P Links Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands

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Trynke van der Boom Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands

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Wouter T Zandee Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands

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Joop D Lefrandt Division of Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands

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Introduction Thyroid hormones and the cardiac system are closely related. This is illustrated by the fact that most characteristics and common symptoms of hyperthyroidism − such as palpitations, excitability, and perspiration − are the result

Article Type:
Review Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-20-0539
Volume/Issue:
Volume 10: Issue 1
Open access