Gudmundur Johannsson
Gudmundur Johannsson
Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Martin Bidlingmaier
Martin Bidlingmaier
Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Beverly M K Biller
Beverly M K Biller
Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Margaret Boguszewski
Margaret Boguszewski
Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
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Felipe F Casanueva
Felipe F Casanueva
Department of Medicine, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Philippe Chanson
Philippe Chanson
Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, and Inserm, Paris, France
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Peter E Clayton
Peter E Clayton
Developmental Biology & Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Catherine S Choong
Catherine S Choong
Department of Endocrinology, Princess Margaret Hospital & School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia
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David Clemmons
David Clemmons
Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Mehul Dattani
Mehul Dattani
Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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Jan Frystyk
Jan Frystyk
Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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Ken Ho
Ken Ho
Princess Alexandra Hospital and University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Andrew R Hoffman
Andrew R Hoffman
Department of Medicine, Stanford University and VA Palo Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
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Reiko Horikawa
Reiko Horikawa
National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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Anders Juul
Anders Juul
Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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John J Kopchick
John J Kopchick
Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
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Xiaoping Luo
Xiaoping Luo
Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Sebastian Neggers
Sebastian Neggers
Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Pituitary Centre Rotterdam, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Irene Netchine
Irene Netchine
Service d’Explorations Fonctionnelles Endocriniennes, AP-HP, Hôpital Trousseau, Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMRs 938, Paris, France
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Daniel S Olsson
Daniel S Olsson
Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Sally Radovick
Sally Radovick
Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
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Ron Rosenfeld
Ron Rosenfeld
Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Richard J Ross
Richard J Ross
University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Katharina Schilbach
Katharina Schilbach
Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Paulo Solberg
Paulo Solberg
Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Christian Strasburger
Christian Strasburger
Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
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Peter Trainer
Peter Trainer
The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Kevin C J Yuen
Kevin C J Yuen
Barrow Pituitary Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Department of Neuroendocrinology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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Kerstin Wickstrom
Kerstin Wickstrom
Medical Products Agency, Uppsala, Sweden
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Jens O L Jorgensen
Jens O L Jorgensen
Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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on behalf of the Growth Hormone Research Society
on behalf of the Growth Hormone Research Society
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). The requirement for rigorous procedures utilizing biomarkers in drug development is evident and recognized ( 2 , 5 ). The obvious biomarkers of growth hormone (GH) action in children and adults are serum levels of GH itself and of insulin-like growth
Athanasios Zervas
Athanasios Zervas
Endocrine Unit, Athens Medical Centre, Athens, Greece
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George Chrousos
George Chrousos
Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, and UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, ‘Aghia Sophia’ Children’s Hospital, Athens, Greece
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National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, ‘Aghia Sophia’ Children’s Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Sarantis Livadas
Sarantis Livadas
Endocrine Unit, Athens Medical Centre, Athens, Greece
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15–17 years old, that is, in mid-to-late adolescence. At this age, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) growth charts, the mean height of the American female ranges from 161.1 to 162.5 cm ( 5 ). Given that the mean female
Alessandro Barbato
Alessandro Barbato
Auxo-endocrinology Unit, Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy
Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Giulia Gori
Giulia Gori
Medical Genetics Unit, Meyer Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy
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Michele Sacchini
Michele Sacchini
Metabolic and Muscular Unit, Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy
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Francesca Pochiero
Francesca Pochiero
Metabolic and Muscular Unit, Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy
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Sara Bargiacchi
Sara Bargiacchi
Medical Genetics Unit, Meyer Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy
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Giovanna Traficante
Giovanna Traficante
Medical Genetics Unit, Meyer Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy
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Viviana Palazzo
Viviana Palazzo
Medical Genetics Unit, Meyer Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy
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Lucia Tiberi
Lucia Tiberi
Medical Genetics Unit, Meyer Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy
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Claudia Bianchini
Claudia Bianchini
Pediatric Neurology and Neurogenetics Unit and Laboratories, Meyer Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy
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Davide Mei
Davide Mei
Pediatric Neurology and Neurogenetics Unit and Laboratories, Meyer Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy
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Elena Parrini
Elena Parrini
Pediatric Neurology and Neurogenetics Unit and Laboratories, Meyer Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy
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Tiziana Pisano
Tiziana Pisano
Pediatric Neurology and Neurogenetics Unit and Laboratories, Meyer Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy
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Elena Procopio
Elena Procopio
Metabolic and Muscular Unit, Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy
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Renzo Guerrini
Renzo Guerrini
Pediatric Neurology and Neurogenetics Unit and Laboratories, Meyer Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy
NEUROFARBA Department, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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NEUROFARBA Department, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Angela Peron
Angela Peron
Medical Genetics Unit, Meyer Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy
Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Stefano Stagi
Stefano Stagi
Auxo-endocrinology Unit, Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy
Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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SCO1 ( 4 ). A further patient with MC4DN4, a girl described by Stiburek et al. ( 5 ) had left ventricular hypertrophy and a histological finding of an increased number of mitochondria, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), liver enlargement
Nathalie Ly
Nathalie Ly
Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, Reference Center for Rare Endocrine Diseases of Growth and Development, Reference Center for Gynecological Rare Diseases, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France
EndoERN, APHP Consortium Pitie Salpetriere Hospital, Necker Hospital, Paris, France
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EndoERN, APHP Consortium Pitie Salpetriere Hospital, Necker Hospital, Paris, France
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Sophie Dubreuil
Sophie Dubreuil
Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, Reference Center for Rare Endocrine Diseases of Growth and Development, Reference Center for Gynecological Rare Diseases, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France
EndoERN, APHP Consortium Pitie Salpetriere Hospital, Necker Hospital, Paris, France
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EndoERN, APHP Consortium Pitie Salpetriere Hospital, Necker Hospital, Paris, France
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Philippe Touraine
Philippe Touraine
Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, Reference Center for Rare Endocrine Diseases of Growth and Development, Reference Center for Gynecological Rare Diseases, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France
EndoERN, APHP Consortium Pitie Salpetriere Hospital, Necker Hospital, Paris, France
Sorbonne University, Paris, France
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EndoERN, APHP Consortium Pitie Salpetriere Hospital, Necker Hospital, Paris, France
Sorbonne University, Paris, France
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Introduction Growth hormone (GH) is a pituitary hormone with pleiotropic effects. After being secreted into the general circulation, GH binds to its receptor with subsequent direct effects and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-mediated effects
Werner F Blum
Werner F Blum
University Children’s Hospital, Giessen, Germany
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Abdullah Alherbish
Abdullah Alherbish
Al Habib Medical Group, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Afaf Alsagheir
Afaf Alsagheir
King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Ahmed El Awwa
Ahmed El Awwa
Department of Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetes, Hamad Medical Center, Doha, Qatar
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Walid Kaplan
Walid Kaplan
Tawam Hospital, Al Ain, UAE
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Ekaterina Koledova
Ekaterina Koledova
Global Medical Affairs Endocrinology, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
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Martin O Savage
Martin O Savage
William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, London, UK
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Introduction The growth hormone (GH)–insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I axis is the principle endocrine system regulating linear growth in children ( 1 ). Linked to the nutritional status of the individual, GH is a potent stimulator of IGF
Juliane Léger
Juliane Léger
Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Robert Debré, Service d’Endocrinologie Diabétologie Pédiatrique, Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes de la Croissance et du développement, Paris, France
Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité 1141, DHU PROTECT, Paris, France
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Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité 1141, DHU PROTECT, Paris, France
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Anne Fjellestad-Paulsen
Anne Fjellestad-Paulsen
Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Robert Debré, Service d’Endocrinologie Diabétologie Pédiatrique, Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes de la Croissance et du développement, Paris, France
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Anne Bargiacchi
Anne Bargiacchi
Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Robert Debré, Service de Psychiatrie de l’Enfant et de l’Adolescent, Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes de la Croissance et du développement, Paris, France
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Catherine Doyen
Catherine Doyen
Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Robert Debré, Service de Psychiatrie de l’Enfant et de l’Adolescent, Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes de la Croissance et du développement, Paris, France
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Emmanuel Ecosse
Emmanuel Ecosse
Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Robert Debré, Service d’Endocrinologie Diabétologie Pédiatrique, Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes de la Croissance et du développement, Paris, France
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Jean-Claude Carel
Jean-Claude Carel
Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Robert Debré, Service d’Endocrinologie Diabétologie Pédiatrique, Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes de la Croissance et du développement, Paris, France
Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité 1141, DHU PROTECT, Paris, France
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Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité 1141, DHU PROTECT, Paris, France
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Marie-France Le Heuzey
Marie-France Le Heuzey
Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Robert Debré, Service de Psychiatrie de l’Enfant et de l’Adolescent, Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes de la Croissance et du développement, Paris, France
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involving the growth hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) axis, thyroid function, hypercortisolemia, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and the levels of several adipokines and gut peptides, such as ghrelin and peptide YY ( 2 ). The
Kennett Sprogøe
Kennett Sprogøe
Ascendis Pharma A/S, Hellerup, Denmark
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Eva Mortensen
Eva Mortensen
Ascendis Pharma, Inc., Palo Alto, California, USA
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David B Karpf
David B Karpf
Ascendis Pharma, Inc., Palo Alto, California, USA
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Jonathan A Leff
Jonathan A Leff
Ascendis Pharma, Inc., Palo Alto, California, USA
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Introduction Following secretion from the anterior pituitary, human growth hormone (GH) is transported throughout the body, exerting its effects via GH receptors on virtually every cell of the body. In addition to muscle and bone growth, GH is
M Ahmid
M Ahmid
Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Royal Hospital for Children, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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C G Perry
C G Perry
Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth University Hospitals, Glasgow, UK
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S F Ahmed
S F Ahmed
Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Royal Hospital for Children, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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M G Shaikh
M G Shaikh
Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Royal Hospital for Children, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Introduction Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is an endocrine condition that can potentially impact on an individual’s life from childhood, adolescence to young adulthood and beyond. In UK, the prevalence of congenital childhood-onset GHD (CO
Charlotte Höybye
Charlotte Höybye
Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetology, Karolinska University Hospital and Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Andreas F H Pfeiffer
Andreas F H Pfeiffer
Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Klinik für Endokrinologie & Stoffwechselmedizin, Berlin, Germany
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Diego Ferone
Diego Ferone
IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Università di Genova – Endocrinologia DiMI, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, & CEBR, Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica, Genova, Italy
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Jens Sandahl Christiansen
Jens Sandahl Christiansen
Medicinsk Endokrinologist Afd., MEA, NBG, Århus Sygehus, Århus, Denmark
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David Gilfoyle
David Gilfoyle
Ascendis Pharma A/S, Hellerup, Denmark
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Eva Dam Christoffersen
Eva Dam Christoffersen
Ascendis Pharma A/S, Hellerup, Denmark
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Eva Mortensen
Eva Mortensen
Ascendis Pharma Inc., Palo Alto, California, USA
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Jonathan A Leff
Jonathan A Leff
Ascendis Pharma Inc., Palo Alto, California, USA
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Michael Beckert
Michael Beckert
Ascendis Pharma A/S, Hellerup, Denmark
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Introduction Hypothalamic–pituitary diseases and/or injury can lead to adult growth hormone deficiency (AGHD) ( 1 ). The decrease (or total loss) of growth hormone (GH) production, with a subsequent disruption in the hormone’s relationship
Ekaterina Koledova
Ekaterina Koledova
Biopharma Global Medical Affairs, General Medicine and Endocrinology, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
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George Stoyanov
George Stoyanov
Biopharma Global Medical Affairs, General Medicine and Endocrinology, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
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Leroy Ovbude
Leroy Ovbude
Business & Decision Life Sciences, Brussels, Woluwe-Saint-Lambert, Belgium
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Peter S W Davies
Peter S W Davies
Children’s Nutrition Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Introduction Recombinant human growth hormone (GH) is approved for use in the treatment of children with various aetiologies, including growth hormone deficiency (GHD), Turner syndrome (TS) and born small for gestational age (SGA) with no
