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Christos Tsatsanis Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
Molecular Reproductive Research Group, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion, Greece

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Angel Elenkov Molecular Reproductive Research Group, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
Reproductive Medicine Centre, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden

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Irene Leijonhufvud Reproductive Medicine Centre, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden

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Katerina Vaporidi Molecular Reproductive Research Group, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden

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Åsa Tivesten Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Aleksander Giwercman Molecular Reproductive Research Group, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
Reproductive Medicine Centre, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden

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immune responses and susceptibility to autoimmunity and inflammatory diseases. B-cell activating factor (BAFF) also known as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ligand superfamily member 13B is a cytokine of the TNF family that is causally linked to the

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Frans H H Leenen Brain and Heart Research Group, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

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Mordecai P Blaustein Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

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John M Hamlyn Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

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direct neuronal actions, Ang II/AT 1 R can also activate microglia to generate proinflammatory cytokines, which in nuclei such as the PVN contribute to ROS production and downstream sympatho-excitatory and pressor responses ( 7 , 8 ). Active renin is

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Emanuela Zaharieva Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Alexandrovska, Clinic of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University-Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria

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Zdravko Kamenov Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Alexandrovska, Clinic of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University-Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria

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Tsvetelina Velikova Department of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital St. Ivan Rilski, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University-Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria

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Adelina Tsakova Department of Clinical Laboratory, University Hospital Alexandrovska, Central Clinical Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University-Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria

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Yosif El-Darawish Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Cell Therapy, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan

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Haruki Okamura Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Cell Therapy, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan

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Introduction Interleukin-18 (IL-18), discovered in the late 20th century as an interferon-gamma (IFNγ)-inducing factor ( 1 ), is a cytokine that belongs to the IL-1 superfamily ( 2 ). It is produced by monocyte/macrophages, endothelial cells

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Chenghao Piao Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, People’s Republic of China

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Xiaojie Wang Department of Human Anatomy, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, People’s Republic of China

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Shiqiao Peng Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, People’s Republic of China

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Xinyu Guo Department of Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, People’s Republic of China

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Hui Zhao Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, People’s Republic of China

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Li He Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, People’s Republic of China

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Yan Zeng Department of Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, People’s Republic of China

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Fan Zhang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, People’s Republic of China

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Kewen Zhu Department of Human Anatomy, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, People’s Republic of China

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Yiwei Wang Department of Human Anatomy, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, People’s Republic of China

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of pancreatic β cells is correlated with the pathogenesis of GDM. A significant association between GDM and inflammation has been reported ( 8 ). Highly secreted pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1 β, contribute to the insulin

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Natalio García-Honduvilla Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
Networking Biomedical Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
University Center of Defense of Madrid (CUD-ACD), Madrid, Spain

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Alberto Cifuentes Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
Networking Biomedical Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain

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Miguel A Ortega Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
Networking Biomedical Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain

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Marta Pastor Biopraxis Research AIE, Álava, Spain

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Garazi Gainza Biopraxis Research AIE, Álava, Spain

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Eusebio Gainza Biopraxis Research AIE, Álava, Spain

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Julia Buján Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
Networking Biomedical Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
University Center of Defense of Madrid (CUD-ACD), Madrid, Spain

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Melchor Álvarez-Mon Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
Networking Biomedical Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
University Center of Defense of Madrid (CUD-ACD), Madrid, Spain
Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology and Oncology Service, University Hospital Príncipe de Asturias, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain

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results are expressed as mean number of positive cells/field. Real-time PCR The expression of several key cytokines in the wound tissue was measured by quantitative real-time PCR. Total RNA was isolated from skin frozen samples of animals from

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Wenrui Wang Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China

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Chuan Zhang Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China

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non-β-cells; hepatic and biliary cells; gastrointestinal cells into β-cells through genetic programming; cytokines; and small molecules. These cells comprise the leading candidates because of their common endodermal origin with β-cells, abundant

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Anna C Simcocks Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, St Albans campus, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Kayte A Jenkin Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, St Albans campus, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia

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Lannie O’Keefe Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, St Albans campus, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Chrishan S Samuel Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

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Michael L Mathai Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, St Albans campus, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Andrew J McAinch Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, St Albans campus, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Deanne H Hryciw Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, St Albans campus, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
School of Environment and Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia

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), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and interleukin 13 (IL-13) were analyzed in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions (Bioplex cytokine assay; Bio-Rad Laboratories). A number of samples within each group were out of range for some of the

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Yongping Liu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China

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Shuo Wang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China

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Qingling Guo Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China

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Yongze Li Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China

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Jing Qin Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China

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Na Zhao Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China

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Yushu Li Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China

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Zhongyan Shan Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China

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Weiping Teng Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China

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increased T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, as well as the pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion of T cells and NK cells, were observed after stimulation with soluble Sema 5A ( 26 ). Another study identified an elevated Sema 5A expression of mRNA in

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Simon Schimmack European Pancreas Center, Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany

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Yongchao Yang European Pancreas Center, Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China

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Klaus Felix European Pancreas Center, Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany

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Markus Herbst European Pancreas Center, Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany

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Yixiong Li Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China

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Miriam Schenk European Pancreas Center, Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany

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Frank Bergmann Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany

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Thilo Hackert European Pancreas Center, Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany

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Oliver Strobel European Pancreas Center, Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany

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the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines enhancing inflammatory response ( 14 , 15 ). Another protein that is involved in response to inflammatory products is STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3). It is a crucial regulator

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Jiayang Lin Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Peizhen Zhang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Yan Huang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Xueyun Wei Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Dan Guo Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Jianfang Liu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Deying Liu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Yajuan Deng Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Bingyan Xu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Chensihan Huang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Xiaoyu Yang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Yan Lu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Lijing Jia Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China

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Huijie Zhang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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, increased lipolysis, and hepatic gluconeogenesis ( 7 , 8 , 9 ). Recent advances indicate that altered thyroid status can affect circulating levels of cytokines secreted from the liver, including fetuin A, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), and neuregulin

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