David J F Smith
David J F Smith
Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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Hemanth Prabhudev
Hemanth Prabhudev
Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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Sirazum Choudhury
Sirazum Choudhury
Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
Department of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
Department of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Karim Meeran
Karim Meeran
Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
Department of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Department of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
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profile with oral medication is a significant challenge because normal cortisol production is pulsatile and consists of a circadian rhythm and an ultradian rhythm ( 3 , 4 , 5 ). Under-replacement may cause lethargy and an increased risk of Addisonian
Angelica Sharma
Angelica Sharma
Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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Katharine Lazarus
Katharine Lazarus
Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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Deborah Papadopoulou
Deborah Papadopoulou
Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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Hemanth Prabhudev
Hemanth Prabhudev
Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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Tricia Tan
Tricia Tan
Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, North West London Pathology, London, UK
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Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, North West London Pathology, London, UK
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Karim Meeran
Karim Meeran
Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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Sirazum Choudhury
Sirazum Choudhury
Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, North West London Pathology, London, UK
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Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, North West London Pathology, London, UK
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Introduction Patients with adrenal insufficiency (AI) have premature morbidity and mortality ( 1 ). Mildly elevated levels of glucocorticoids or non-circadian timing of therapy may contribute towards cardiovascular disease and increased
L M Mongioì
L M Mongioì
Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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R A Condorelli
R A Condorelli
Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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S La Vignera
S La Vignera
Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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A E Calogero
A E Calogero
Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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cortisone acetate or hydrocortisone, required repeated (two or three) daily administrations, the double-release formulation requires once-daily dosing, thus improving the compliance and allowing a more physiological mimicking of cortisol secretion circadian
Filippo Ceccato
Filippo Ceccato
Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Elisa Selmin
Elisa Selmin
Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Chiara Sabbadin
Chiara Sabbadin
Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Miriam Dalla Costa
Miriam Dalla Costa
Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Giorgia Antonelli
Giorgia Antonelli
Laboratory Medicine, Department of Medicine DIMED, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Mario Plebani
Mario Plebani
Laboratory Medicine, Department of Medicine DIMED, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Mattia Barbot
Mattia Barbot
Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Corrado Betterle
Corrado Betterle
Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Marco Boscaro
Marco Boscaro
Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Carla Scaroni
Carla Scaroni
Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
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administered in two or three divided doses (the higher in the morning), as suggested in recent Consensus and Guidelines ( 2 , 6 ). Nevertheless, none of the proposed regimen is currently able to replicate the physiological cortisol circadian rhythm
Mohammed S Albreiki
Mohammed S Albreiki
Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Centre for Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
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Benita Middleton
Benita Middleton
Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Centre for Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
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Shelagh M Hampton
Shelagh M Hampton
Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Centre for Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
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Introduction Artificial light exposure at night has become commonplace throughout the developed world ( 1 , 2 ). Light has been linked to various complex mechanisms such as the synchronisation of the circadian system ( 3 ). Circadian rhythms
Carlo Cinque
Carlo Cinque
Fondazione Ethoikos, Radicondoli, Italy
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology V. Erspamer, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Department of Physiology and Pharmacology V. Erspamer, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Manuela Zinni
Manuela Zinni
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology V. Erspamer, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Anna Rita Zuena
Anna Rita Zuena
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology V. Erspamer, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Chiara Giuli
Chiara Giuli
Fondazione Ethoikos, Radicondoli, Italy
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Sebastiano G Alemà
Sebastiano G Alemà
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology V. Erspamer, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Assia Catalani
Assia Catalani
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology V. Erspamer, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Paola Casolini
Paola Casolini
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology V. Erspamer, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Roberto Cozzolino
Roberto Cozzolino
Fondazione Ethoikos, Radicondoli, Italy
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that the exposure to EE ( 25 ) or to the odour of a phobic stimulus such as predator scent ( 26 ) induces an increase of plasma corticosterone concentrations in rats. We also assessed FCM circadian rhythm in socially isolated male and female rats in
Patricia Arroyo Tardio
Patricia Arroyo Tardio
University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Gabriela Baldini
Gabriela Baldini
University Clinic of Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Baselland, Liestal, Switzerland
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Eleonora Seelig
Eleonora Seelig
University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
University Clinic of Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Baselland, Liestal, Switzerland
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University Clinic of Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Baselland, Liestal, Switzerland
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Introduction The hypothalamopituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis tightly regulates cortisol secretion ( 1 ). Cortisol is secreted in a circadian rhythm with a brisk increase upon awakening and a nadir around midnight ( 1 ). Food is an external factor
Kim K B Clemmensen
Kim K B Clemmensen
Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
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Jonas S Quist
Jonas S Quist
Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
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Dorte Vistisen
Dorte Vistisen
Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
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Daniel R Witte
Daniel R Witte
Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark
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Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark
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Anna Jonsson
Anna Jonsson
NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Oluf Pedersen
Oluf Pedersen
NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Torben Hansen
Torben Hansen
NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Jens J Holst
Jens J Holst
NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Torsten Lauritzen
Torsten Lauritzen
Section for General Practice, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Marit E Jørgensen
Marit E Jørgensen
Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
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National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Signe Torekov
Signe Torekov
NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Kristine Færch
Kristine Færch
Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
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Introduction Glucose metabolism exhibits circadian rhythmicity ( 1 , 2 ). Longer fasting duration before an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) has been associated with lower fasting glucose but higher post-load glucose levels ( 3
L Bahler
L Bahler
Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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H J Verberne
H J Verberne
Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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E Brakema
E Brakema
Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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R Tepaske
R Tepaske
Intensive Care Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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J Booij
J Booij
Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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J B Hoekstra
J B Hoekstra
Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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F Holleman
F Holleman
Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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patients with diabetes mellitus type 2, whereas in lean subjects, there is no pathological condition. Secondly, the timing of the bromocriptine may have interfered with the normal circadian dopamine rhythm ( 12 , 13 , 14 ). The aim of this clinical
Jesper Krogh
Jesper Krogh
Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Peter Plomgaard
Peter Plomgaard
Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Ruth Frikke-Schmidt
Ruth Frikke-Schmidt
Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Sten Velschow
Sten Velschow
Fluisense ApS, Lillerød, Denmark
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Jesper Johannesen
Jesper Johannesen
Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev & Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Department of Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev & Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Linda Maria Hilsted
Linda Maria Hilsted
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Malene Schrøder
Malene Schrøder
Fluisense ApS, Lillerød, Denmark
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Ulla Feldt-Rasmussen
Ulla Feldt-Rasmussen
Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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), which require repeated venous sampling. The pathology of several other conditions such as major depression, bipolar disease, stress related to night shifts, nocturia, hypertension, and sleep disorders have all been claimed to include disrupted circadian
