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Heleen I Jansen Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Marijn M Bult Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Peter H Bisschop Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Anita Boelen Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Annemieke C Heijboer Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Jacquelien J Hillebrand Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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the measurement of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration, possibly followed up with serum free thyroxine (fT4) concentration when TSH is above or below the reference interval. Once a thyroid disorder is diagnosed and treatment is

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Mírian Romitti Thyroid Unit, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

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Vitor C Fabris Gynecological Endocrinology Unit, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, and Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

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Patricia K Ziegelmann Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology and Department of Statistics, Institute of Mathematics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

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Ana Luiza Maia Thyroid Unit, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

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Poli Mara Spritzer Gynecological Endocrinology Unit, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, and Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

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serum levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) (Retrieved August, 2017, from: www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp) was used to assess the quality of the studies included in the meta-analysis. The

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Lauren Bell Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Endocrinology & Diabetes, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK

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Ann Louise Hunter Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Endocrinology & Diabetes, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK

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Angelos Kyriacou Endocrinology & Diabetes, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
CEDM Centre of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Limassol, Cyprus

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Annice Mukherjee Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Endocrinology & Diabetes, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK

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Akheel A Syed Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Endocrinology & Diabetes, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK

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gonadotrophin (hCG) ( 4 ), and TSH-producing pituitary adenomas. Graves’ disease, the commonest cause of hyperthyroidism, has an annual incidence of 20–50 per 100,000 population, a peak incidence between 30 and 50 years of age, and a lifetime risk of 3% for

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Qing Zhou Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fujian Children’s Hospital, Fuzhou, China

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Li Yong Zhang Department of Thyroid Surgery, Minimal Invasive Center, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China

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Mei Feng Dai Department of Clinical Lab, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fuzhou, China

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Zhen Li Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fujian Children’s Hospital, Fuzhou, China

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Chao Chun Zou Department of Endocrinology, The Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

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Hui Liu Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fujian Children’s Hospital, Fuzhou, China

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Introduction Subclinical hypothyroidism has been defined as an elevated serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) with normal free thyroxine levels ( 1 ). Despite maintaining normal thyroid hormone levels, patients with subclinical

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Clara Lundetoft Clausen Center of Research & Disruption of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark

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Åse Krogh Rasmussen Department of Medical Endocrinology and Metabolism, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Trine Holm Johannsen Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Linda Maria Hilsted Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Niels Erik Skakkebæk Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Pal Bela Szecsi Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk, Denmark

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Lise Pedersen Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk, Denmark

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Thomas Benfield Center of Research & Disruption of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Anders Juul Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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, 14 , 15 ), and recent studies have reported inverse correlations between thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in patients with COVID-19 ( 6 , 9 , 16 ). Thus, this study aimed to evaluate thyroid hormone involvement in the

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Aglaia Kyrilli Department of Endocrinology, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (H.U.B.) - Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

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Bernard Corvilain Department of Endocrinology, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (H.U.B.) - Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

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Sofie Bliddal Department of Medical Endocrinology and Metabolism, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Copenhagen University Hospital (Hvidovre Hospital), Hvidovre, Denmark

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Dorthe Hansen Precht Department of Medical Endocrinology and Metabolism, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
Carelink Nærhospital, Roskilde, Denmark

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Ulla Feldt-Rasmussen Department of Medical Endocrinology and Metabolism, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Clinical Research, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Kris Poppe Department of Endocrinology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Pierre, Brussels, Belgium
Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

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, 16 ). Current guidelines from the American Thyroid Association (published in 2017) recommend that TPOAb-positive euthyroid pregnant women should have measurements of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) every 4 weeks through the late 2nd

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Boni Xiang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Ran Tao Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Xinhua Liu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Xiaoming Zhu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Min He Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Zengyi Ma Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Yehong Yang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Zhaoyun Zhang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Yiming Li Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Zhenwei Yao Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Yongfei Wang Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Hongying Ye Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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decreased iodine-131 (I 131 ) accumulation in the thyroid of euthyroid patients ( 3 ). Dexamethasone administration (16 mg daily for 2.5 days) was reported to reduce the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free T3 (FT3) secretion and blunted the TSH

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Giorgio Radetti Pediatrics, Regional Hospital, Bolzano, Italy

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Mariacarolina Salerno Pediatrics, University Federico II, Naples, Italy

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Chiara Guzzetti Pediatric Endocrinology, Ospedale Pedatrico Microcitemico ‘A. Cao’ – AOB Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy

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Marco Cappa Pediatric Endocrinology, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, Roma, Italy

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Andrea Corrias Divisione di Endocrinologia Pediatrica, Ospedale Infantile Regina Margherita, Torino, Italy

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Alessandra Cassio Department of Pediatrics, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

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Graziano Cesaretti Department of Pediatrics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Roberto Gastaldi Paediatric Department, Gaslini Hospital, Genova, Italy

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Mario Rotondi Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri I.R.C.C.S., ISPESL Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy

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Fiorenzo Lupi Pediatrics, Regional Hospital, Bolzano, Italy

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Antonio Fanolla Department of Biostatistics, Regional Hospital, Bolzano, Italy

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Giovanna Weber Department of Pediatrics, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy

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Sandro Loche Pediatric Endocrinology, Ospedale Pedatrico Microcitemico ‘A. Cao’ – AOB Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy

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started in patients with either subclinical (high TSH with normal fT4) or overt hypothyroidism (subnormal fT4 and increased TSH). There is no consensus on the timing to start or discontinue therapy based on TSH concentrations in children and adolescents

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Luca Persani Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Biagio Cangiano Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Marco Bonomi Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Introduction Central hypothyroidism (CeH) is a rare and heterogenous hypothyroid condition resulting from an insufficient stimulation of an otherwise normal thyroid gland by the hypophyseal thyrotropin hormone (TSH). This loss of central

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Bogumila Urgatz Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany

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Kris G Poppe University Hospital CHU Saint Pierre, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium

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of TH at this time. The increase in TH occurs due to a mild activation of the TSH receptor by hCG (which bears structural similarities to TSH), resulting in increased levels of T3 and T4, and a consequent modest fall in TSH ( 2 , 3 , 4 ). Increasing

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