School of Nursing, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
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cells activated in this way also show increased expression of CTLA4 and FoxP3, further highlighting the intracrine pathway for induction of Treg by vitamin D. However, T cells activated by 25D/1,25D-induced tolerogenic DC also exhibit decreased
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about 5% in the general population, and iodine intake plays a different role in different regions ( 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ). A recent study in China suggested that the prevalence of AITD was 10.5% in men and 21.4% in women ( 6 ). It is universally
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Mutation in PTF1 No mutation in KCNJ11, ABCC8, INS, EIF2AK3, FOXP3, GATA4, GATA6, GCK, GLIS3, HNF1B, IER3IP1, PDX1, PTF1A, NEUROD1, NEUROG3, NKX2-2, RFX6, SLC2A2, SLC19A2, STAT3, WFS1, and ZFP57. Yes No Hilbrands et al. (also described in De
The Center for Biomedical Research, Tongji Hospital Research Building, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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, 2 ). Existing therapeutics are aimed at lowering blood glucose level by stimulating insulin secretion (direct: sulfonylureas, nateglinide; indirect: DPP-4 inhibitors/GLP-1), alleviating peripheral insulin resistance (Metformin, TZDs), reducing
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having to travel. ENDO-ERN aims to improve the care of rare endocrinopathies and rare forms of diabetes ( 3 , 4 , 5 , 7 ). For this purpose, a Europe-wide network for patient-oriented, structured, targeted and scientific cooperation is in place. ENDO
Postgraduation Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Postgraduation Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Postgraduation Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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-cells, frequently detectable a few months/years before the appearance of clinical symptoms, is the occurrence of antibodies against beta-cell antigens ( 4 ). These autoantibodies are used as biomarkers of T1DM risk and are directed against insulin, glutamic acid