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Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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hypercortisolism ( 36 ). Furthermore, TL has been evaluated in other conditions with increased endogenous cortisol such as chronic stress exposure and post-traumatic stress disorder ( 37 ). Shorter TL has been reported for both neuropsychiatric conditions
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adipocytes has not been elucidated. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the main organelle responsible for the synthesis, processing, and secretion of proteins, as well as the metabolism of lipids and glucose. Extensive studies have shown that ER stress is
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is increased when muscle cells are exposed to several types of stressors ( 18 , 19 ) and increasing age, at least for the larger HSPs ( 20 ). This would, in theory, preserve muscle mass, by stabilisation of stressed and damaged proteins ( 21 ). No
Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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fluctuates in response to social stressors ( 2 ). Unlike other steroid hormones that have specific receptors, DHEA binds to a range of receptors, including the estrogen receptor ( 3 ). DHEA serves as a prohormone for estrogen and testosterone and can broadly
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induced by hormonal change during pregnancy probably plays an important role of clinical manifestation. GDM may probably be related to oxidative stress in insulin resistance pathway, as documented in DM type 2 ( 10 ). Nevertheless, the relationship between
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The elevated level of hepatic oxidative stress (OS) in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the important causes of liver abnormalities. Therefore, decreasing the level of hepatic OS in PCOS is beneficial to reduce the risk of PCOS-related liver diseases. Melatonin (MT), recognized as a potent antioxidant. Nevertheless, the efficacy of MT in alleviating hepatic OS associated with PCOS is yet to be established, and the precise mechanisms through which MT exerts its antioxidant effects remain to be fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to explore the potential mechanism by which MT reduces hepatic OS in PCOS. First, we detected elevated OS levels in the PCOS samples. Subsequently, with MT pretreatment, we discovered that MT could significantly diminish the levels of OS, liver triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST)，while concurrently ameliorating mitochondrial structural damage in PCOS liver. Furthermore, we identified elevated autophagy levels in the liver of PCOS rats and an inhibition of the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway. Through MT pretreatment, the expression of LC3 was significantly decreased, while the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway was activated. Our study showed that MT could affect the Nrf2 pathway dependent on the P62/LC3 autophagy pathway, thereby attenuating hepatic OS in PCOS. These findings offer novel insights and research avenues for the study of PCOS-related liver diseases.
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Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Introduction Stress is a ubiquitous condition that affects both people and animals. It initiates a series of events, culminating in the activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and sympathetic nervous system (SNS), including
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Department of Endocrinology, Ull Care A/S, Psychiatric Research Unit, The Cardiovascular Institute, The National Research Center for the Working Environment, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
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symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire ≥10) (3) . Similarly, psychosocial stress is increased both in patients with diabetes and in patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD), and stress is generally accepted to be a risk factor for a poor outcome in both
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). Inflammation and oxidative stress are two common targets for therapies against GDM. Placental inflammation and GDM have been closely correlated, and both of them play essential roles in shaping the fetal environment ( 14 ). Inflammation is highly regulated in
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) production and metabolic rate. Therefore, pregnancy is regarded as a pre-diabetic state with greater oxidative stress ( 11 , 12 ). Oxidative stress, which is among the major factors contributing to the diabetes pathogenesis, exerts crucial functions in the
