Huiyuan Zhai
Huiyuan Zhai
Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Dongxu Wang
Dongxu Wang
Department of Geriatrics, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Yong Wang
Yong Wang
Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Hongwei Gu
Hongwei Gu
Central Laboratory, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Juan Jv
Juan Jv
Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Liangliang Yuan
Liangliang Yuan
Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Chao Wang
Chao Wang
Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Leiyao Chen
Leiyao Chen
Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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to form a characteristic feature known as a crown-like structure (CLS) ( 8 ). M1 macrophages in adipose tissue are considered instigators of insulin resistance due to the secretion of multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNFα ( 9 ). Chronic
Zheng Chen
Zheng Chen
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Haixia Zeng
Haixia Zeng
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Qiulan Huang
Qiulan Huang
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Cuiping Lin
Cuiping Lin
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Xuan Li
Xuan Li
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Shaohua Sun
Shaohua Sun
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Jian-ping Liu
Jian-ping Liu
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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considered potential causes ( 6 ). However, increasing evidence ( 7 ) shows that insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia play an important role in the pathogenesis of PCOS. The progression of insulin resistance as well as the regulation of
Karim Gariani
Karim Gariani
Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
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Pedro Marques-Vidal
Pedro Marques-Vidal
Departments of Medicine and Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Gérard Waeber
Gérard Waeber
Departments of Medicine and Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Peter Vollenweider
Peter Vollenweider
Departments of Medicine and Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
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François R Jornayvaz
François R Jornayvaz
Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
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(TG) level, increased insulin resistance (IR) and a higher fasting plasma glucose ( 5 ). Patients with T2DM may exhibit evidence of subclinical hypercortisolism such as higher 24-h urine-free cortisol levels, higher plasma cortisol levels after
Rongpeng Gong
Rongpeng Gong
Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, People’s Republic of China
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Gang Luo
Gang Luo
College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining, People’s Republic of China
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Mingxiang Wang
Mingxiang Wang
Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, People’s Republic of China
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Lingbo Ma
Lingbo Ma
Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, People’s Republic of China
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Shengnan Sun
Shengnan Sun
Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, People’s Republic of China
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Xiaoxing Wei
Xiaoxing Wei
Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, People’s Republic of China
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Background Insulin resistance (IR) is the insensitivity to insulin in insulin-dependent organs and tissues ( 1 ). The clinical manifestation of IR is the failure to respond to increase in blood sugar, which is associated with metabolic
Rongpeng Gong
Rongpeng Gong
Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining, People’s Republic of China
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Yuanyuan Liu
Yuanyuan Liu
Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining, People’s Republic of China
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Gang Luo
Gang Luo
Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining, People’s Republic of China
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Jiahui Yin
Jiahui Yin
College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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Zuomiao Xiao
Zuomiao Xiao
Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, Ganzhou, China
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Tianyang Hu
Tianyang Hu
Precision Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Background Insulin resistance (IR) is a systemic disorder of glucose metabolism that results in changes in multiple organs and insulin regulatory pathways ( 1 , 2 , 3 ). The clinical significance of IR has become clear over the past few
Jakob Høgild Langdahl
Jakob Høgild Langdahl
Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Southwest Jutland, Esbjerg, Denmark
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Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Southwest Jutland, Esbjerg, Denmark
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Anja Lisbeth Frederiksen
Anja Lisbeth Frederiksen
Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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John Vissing
John Vissing
Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Morten Frost
Morten Frost
Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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Knud Bonnet Yderstræde
Knud Bonnet Yderstræde
Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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Per Heden Andersen
Per Heden Andersen
Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Southwest Jutland, Esbjerg, Denmark
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muscle is inversely correlated to age of diabetes debut ( 14 ). It is debated whether the impaired glucose metabolism in m.3243A>G carriers is characterized by insulin resistance, insulin secretion defect or a combination. The nuclear gene encoded
Peter Wolf
Peter Wolf
Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service d’Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l’Hypophyse, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Alexandre Dormoy
Alexandre Dormoy
Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service d’Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l’Hypophyse, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Luigi Maione
Luigi Maione
Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service d’Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l’Hypophyse, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Sylvie Salenave
Sylvie Salenave
Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service d’Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l’Hypophyse, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Jacques Young
Jacques Young
Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service d’Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l’Hypophyse, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Peter Kamenický
Peter Kamenický
Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service d’Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l’Hypophyse, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Philippe Chanson
Philippe Chanson
Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service d’Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l’Hypophyse, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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mortality, mainly because of cardio-metabolic complications ( 1 , 2 , 3 ). Impaired glucose metabolism is frequently observed in acromegaly. It is mainly caused by the insulin-antagonizing effects of GH-inducing hepatic and peripheral insulin resistance
Sandra Pereira
Sandra Pereira
Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Jessy Moore
Jessy Moore
Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
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Jia-Xu Li
Jia-Xu Li
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Wen Qin Yu
Wen Qin Yu
Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Husam Ghanim
Husam Ghanim
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, State University of New York at Buffalo, Kaleida Health, Buffalo, New York, USA
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Filip Vlavcheski
Filip Vlavcheski
Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
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Yemisi Deborah Joseph
Yemisi Deborah Joseph
Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Paresh Dandona
Paresh Dandona
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, State University of New York at Buffalo, Kaleida Health, Buffalo, New York, USA
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Allen Volchuk
Allen Volchuk
Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Carolyn L Cummins
Carolyn L Cummins
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Evangelia Tsiani
Evangelia Tsiani
Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
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Adria Giacca
Adria Giacca
Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Introduction Obesity is characterized by elevated circulating free fatty acids (FFAs) that cause insulin resistance in the liver and periphery ( 1 , 2 ). FFAs induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which occurs when misfolded or unfolded
N K Stepto
N K Stepto
Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Medicine-Western Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Science, Melbourne University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Medicine-Western Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Science, Melbourne University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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D Hiam
D Hiam
Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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M Gibson-Helm
M Gibson-Helm
Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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S Cassar
S Cassar
Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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C L Harrison
C L Harrison
Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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S K Hutchison
S K Hutchison
Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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A E Joham
A E Joham
Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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B J Canny
B J Canny
School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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A Moreno-Asso
A Moreno-Asso
Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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B J Strauss
B J Strauss
Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Gastroenterology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Gastroenterology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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N Hatzirodos
N Hatzirodos
The Robinson Research Institute, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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R J Rodgers
R J Rodgers
The Robinson Research Institute, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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H J Teede
H J Teede
Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
Diabetes and Endocrine Units, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Diabetes and Endocrine Units, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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anovulatory infertility) ( 5 , 6 ) and psychological (anxiety and depression) ( 7 ) impacts, representing a substantial health burden. Despite its high prevalence, the aetiology and ideal therapies for PCOS remain unclear ( 8 ). Insulin resistance is a
Esben Thyssen Vestergaard
Esben Thyssen Vestergaard
Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Norrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Norrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Norrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Norrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Norrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Morten B Krag
Morten B Krag
Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Norrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Morten M Poulsen
Morten M Poulsen
Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Norrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Steen B Pedersen
Steen B Pedersen
Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Norrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Niels Moller
Niels Moller
Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Norrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Norrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Norrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Jens Otto Lunde Jorgensen
Jens Otto Lunde Jorgensen
Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Norrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Norrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Norrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Niels Jessen
Niels Jessen
Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Norrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Norrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Norrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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PubMed
GHS-R is also located in peripheral tissues indicates that ghrelin also exerts direct peripheral effects (5, 6) . It has recently been reported that exogenous ghrelin causes insulin resistance (7, 8, 9, 10, 11) and induces lipolysis (7, 9, 10, 11
