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Johan Verhelst Department of Endocrinology, ZNA Middelheim Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium

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Anders F Mattsson Pfizer Endocrine Care, Pfizer Health AB, Sollentuna, Sweden

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Cecilia Camacho-Hübner Pfizer Endocrine Care, Pfizer, Inc., New York, New York, USA

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Anton Luger Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University and General Hospital, Vienna, Austria

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Roger Abs Antwerp Centre for Endocrinology, Antwerp, Belgium

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Introduction It is now well-recognized that patients with adult-onset growth hormone deficiency (AO-GHD), apart from experiencing a poor quality of life (QoL), present with an increased risk of developing a metabolic syndrome (MetS) ( 1 , 2

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Pinaki Dutta
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Bhuvanesh Mahendran Department of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, Cardiology, Hematology, Histopathology, Gastroenterology, Neurosurgery, Pharmacology, Radiodiagnosis, 4th Floor, F Block, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Nehru Hospital, Chandigarh 160012, India

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K Shrinivas Reddy Department of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, Cardiology, Hematology, Histopathology, Gastroenterology, Neurosurgery, Pharmacology, Radiodiagnosis, 4th Floor, F Block, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Nehru Hospital, Chandigarh 160012, India

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Jasmina Ahluwalia Department of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, Cardiology, Hematology, Histopathology, Gastroenterology, Neurosurgery, Pharmacology, Radiodiagnosis, 4th Floor, F Block, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Nehru Hospital, Chandigarh 160012, India

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Kim Vaiphei Department of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, Cardiology, Hematology, Histopathology, Gastroenterology, Neurosurgery, Pharmacology, Radiodiagnosis, 4th Floor, F Block, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Nehru Hospital, Chandigarh 160012, India

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Rakesh K Kochhar Department of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, Cardiology, Hematology, Histopathology, Gastroenterology, Neurosurgery, Pharmacology, Radiodiagnosis, 4th Floor, F Block, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Nehru Hospital, Chandigarh 160012, India

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Prakamya Gupta Department of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, Cardiology, Hematology, Histopathology, Gastroenterology, Neurosurgery, Pharmacology, Radiodiagnosis, 4th Floor, F Block, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Nehru Hospital, Chandigarh 160012, India

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Anand Srinivasan Department of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, Cardiology, Hematology, Histopathology, Gastroenterology, Neurosurgery, Pharmacology, Radiodiagnosis, 4th Floor, F Block, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Nehru Hospital, Chandigarh 160012, India

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Mahesh Prakash Department of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, Cardiology, Hematology, Histopathology, Gastroenterology, Neurosurgery, Pharmacology, Radiodiagnosis, 4th Floor, F Block, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Nehru Hospital, Chandigarh 160012, India

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Kanchan Kumar Mukherjee Department of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, Cardiology, Hematology, Histopathology, Gastroenterology, Neurosurgery, Pharmacology, Radiodiagnosis, 4th Floor, F Block, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Nehru Hospital, Chandigarh 160012, India

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Viral N Shah
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Girish Parthan
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Anil Bhansali
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growth hormone deficiency – benefits, side effects, and risks of growth hormone replacement . Frontiers in Endocrinology 2013 4 64 . ( doi:10.3389/fendo.2013.00064 ). 6 Pastuszak AW Lai WS Khera M Lipshultz LI . Systemic effects of growth

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Laura van Iersel Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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Sarah C Clement Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Antoinette Y N Schouten-van Meeteren Department of Pediatric Oncology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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Annemieke M Boot Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

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Hedi L Claahsen-van der Grinten Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Amalia Children’s Hospital, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

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Bernd Granzen Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands

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K Sen Han Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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Geert O Janssens Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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Erna M Michiels Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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A S Paul van Trotsenburg Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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W Peter Vandertop Neurosurgical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam and location VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Dannis G van Vuurden Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Hubert N Caron Department of Pediatric Oncology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Leontien C M Kremer Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Hanneke M van Santen Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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prevalence and latency times of cRT-induced HP dysfunction vary among patients, with growth hormone deficiency (GHD) usually occurring first and at a prevalence ranging from 29.0 to 39.1% ( 3 ). In contrast, central hypothyroidism primarily occurs after high

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Urszula Smyczyńska Department of Automatics and Biomedical Engineering, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland

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Joanna Smyczyńska Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital – Research Institute, Lodz, Poland

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Maciej Hilczer Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital – Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland

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Renata Stawerska Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital – Research Institute, Lodz, Poland

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Ryszard Tadeusiewicz Department of Automatics and Biomedical Engineering, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland

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Andrzej Lewiński Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital – Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland

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Committee and Ethics Committee of the Pediatric Endocrine Society . Guidelines for growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-i treatment in children and adolescents: growth hormone deficiency, idiopathic short stature, and primary insulin-like growth

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Lukas Plachy Department of Pediatrics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, V Úvalu, Prague, Czech Republic

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Petra Dusatkova Department of Pediatrics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, V Úvalu, Prague, Czech Republic

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Klara Maratova Department of Pediatrics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, V Úvalu, Prague, Czech Republic

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Shenali Anne Amaratunga Department of Pediatrics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, V Úvalu, Prague, Czech Republic

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Dana Zemkova Department of Pediatrics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, V Úvalu, Prague, Czech Republic

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Vit Neuman Department of Pediatrics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, V Úvalu, Prague, Czech Republic

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Stanislava Kolouskova Department of Pediatrics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, V Úvalu, Prague, Czech Republic

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Barbora Obermannova Department of Pediatrics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, V Úvalu, Prague, Czech Republic

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Marta Snajderova Department of Pediatrics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, V Úvalu, Prague, Czech Republic

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Zdenek Sumnik Department of Pediatrics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, V Úvalu, Prague, Czech Republic

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Jan Lebl Department of Pediatrics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, V Úvalu, Prague, Czech Republic

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Stepanka Pruhova Department of Pediatrics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, V Úvalu, Prague, Czech Republic

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Introduction Combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD) is characterized by growth hormone deficiency (GHD) associated with a shortage of at least one other pituitary hormone ( 1 ). The etiology of CPHD is complex, including acquired

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Marilena Nakaguma Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil

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Fernanda A Correa Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil

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Lucas S Santana Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética, Laboratório de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM25, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil

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Anna F F Benedetti Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil

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Ricardo V Perez Serviço de Endocrinologia, Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual de São Paulo, Instituto de Assistência Médica ao Servidor Público Estadual (HSPE-IAMSPE), São Paulo, Brasil

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Martha K P Huayllas Hospital de Transplantes Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini, São Paulo, Brasil

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Mirta B Miras Hospital de Niños Santísima Trinidad, Cordoba, Argentina

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Mariana F A Funari Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil

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Antonio M Lerario Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil

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Berenice B Mendonca Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil

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Luciani R S Carvalho Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil

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Alexander A L Jorge Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética, Laboratório de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM25, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil

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Ivo J P Arnhold Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil

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guardians gave their written informed consent. Figure 1 Clinical features of sequenced patients. CPHD, combined pituitary hormone deficiency; EPP, ectopic posterior pituitary lobe; IGHD, isolated growth hormone deficiency; NA, not available; NVPP, non

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Nathalie Ly Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, Reference Center for Rare Endocrine Diseases of Growth and Development, Reference Center for Gynecological Rare Diseases, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France
EndoERN, APHP Consortium Pitie Salpetriere Hospital, Necker Hospital, Paris, France

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Sophie Dubreuil Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, Reference Center for Rare Endocrine Diseases of Growth and Development, Reference Center for Gynecological Rare Diseases, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France
EndoERN, APHP Consortium Pitie Salpetriere Hospital, Necker Hospital, Paris, France

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Philippe Touraine Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, Reference Center for Rare Endocrine Diseases of Growth and Development, Reference Center for Gynecological Rare Diseases, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France
EndoERN, APHP Consortium Pitie Salpetriere Hospital, Necker Hospital, Paris, France
Sorbonne University, Paris, France

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AC Mattsson AF Riedl M Webb SM Hána V Nielsen EH Biller BM Luger A . Pregnancy outcomes in women with growth hormone deficiency . Fertility and Sterility 2015 104 1210 .e1 – 1217 .e1 . ( https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015

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Nadia Sabbah Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d’Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l’Hypophyse, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
Hôpital de Cayenne, Service d’Endocrinologie et des Maladies Métaboliques, Cayenne, Guyane Française

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Peter Wolf Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d’Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l’Hypophyse, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

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Céline Piedvache Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Unité de Recherche Clinique, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France

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Séverine Trabado Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France

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Tristan Verdelet Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d’Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l’Hypophyse, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France

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Catherine Cornu Centre d’Investigation Clinique, INSERM CIC1407/UMR5558, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France

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Jean-Claude Souberbielle Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker, Service d’Explorations Fonctionnelles, Paris, France

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Philippe Chanson Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d’Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l’Hypophyse, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France

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Boesten LS Hokken-Koelega ACS De Rijke YB . Impact of the choice of IGF-I assay and normative dataset on the diagnosis and treatment of growth hormone deficiency in children . Hormone Research in Paediatrics 2018 90 181 – 189 . ( https

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Anastasia P Athanasoulia-Kaspar Clinical Neuroendocrinology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany

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Matthias K Auer Clinical Neuroendocrinology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany

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Günter K Stalla Clinical Neuroendocrinology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany

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Mira Jakovcevski Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany

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, high doses of glucocorticoid substitution therapy and older age at diagnosis are the most consistently identified risk factors associated with increased morbidity and mortality ( 18 , 19 ). In addition, growth hormone deficiency (GHD) has been linked

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Charlotte Höybye Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetology, Karolinska University Hospital and Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden

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Andreas F H Pfeiffer Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Klinik für Endokrinologie & Stoffwechselmedizin, Berlin, Germany

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Diego Ferone IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Università di Genova – Endocrinologia DiMI, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, & CEBR, Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica, Genova, Italy

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Jens Sandahl Christiansen Medicinsk Endokrinologist Afd., MEA, NBG, Århus Sygehus, Århus, Denmark

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David Gilfoyle Ascendis Pharma A/S, Hellerup, Denmark

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Eva Dam Christoffersen Ascendis Pharma A/S, Hellerup, Denmark

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Eva Mortensen Ascendis Pharma Inc., Palo Alto, California, USA

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Jonathan A Leff Ascendis Pharma Inc., Palo Alto, California, USA

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Michael Beckert Ascendis Pharma A/S, Hellerup, Denmark

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Introduction Hypothalamic–pituitary diseases and/or injury can lead to adult growth hormone deficiency (AGHD) ( 1 ). The decrease (or total loss) of growth hormone (GH) production, with a subsequent disruption in the hormone’s relationship

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