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Min Li Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fudan Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Ying Chen Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fudan Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Jingjing Jiang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fudan Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Yan Lu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fudan Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Zhiyi Song Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Shengjie Zhang CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China

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Chao Sun CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China

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Hao Ying CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China

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Xiaofang Fan Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Minhang Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Central Hospital of Minhang District, Shanghai Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Yuping Song Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Minhang Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Central Hospital of Minhang District, Shanghai Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Jialin Yang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Minhang Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Central Hospital of Minhang District, Shanghai Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Lin Zhao Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fudan Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Objective

Recent studies have shown that neuregulin 4 (Nrg4), a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family of extracellular ligands, plays an important role in the prevention of obesity, insulin resistance and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Considering that thyroid hormone (TH) has profound effects on whole-body energy metabolism, we speculate that circulating Nrg4 levels might be altered in patients with hyperthyroidism.

Design and methods

A total of 129 hyperthyroid patients and 100 healthy subjects were recruited. Of them, 39 hyperthyroid patients received thionamide treatment for 3 months until euthyroidism. Serum Nrg4 levels were determined using the ELISA method. To further confirm the relationship between TH and Nrg4, C57BL/6 mice were treated with T3 and quantitative real-time PCR was performed to detect Nrg4 gene expression.

Results

Serum Nrg4 levels were significantly elevated in hyperthyroid patients as compared with normal controls (3.84 ± 1.63 vs 2.21 ± 1.04 ng/mL, P < 0.001). After achieving euthyroidism by thionamide treatment, serum Nrg4 levels dropped markedly from 3.57 ± 1.26 to 1.94 ± 0.72 ng/ml (P < 0.001). After adjustment for potential confounders, serum Nrg4 levels were independently associated with hyperthyroidism. The upregulation of Nrg4 expression in the livers and white adipose tissues by T3 was further confirmed by animal and cell culture experiments.

Conclusions

Serum Nrg4 levels were increased in patients with hyperthyroidism. The liver and white adipose tissue might be primary sources contributing to elevated serum Nrg4 concentrations.

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Peter Wolf Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

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Yvonne Winhofer Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

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Martin Krššák Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
High Field MR Centre, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

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Michael Krebs Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

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in various endocrine diseases also impact the cardiac morphology and function. We and others have demonstrated the importance of a well-balanced hormonal and metabolic homeostasis to maintain myocardial energy metabolism so that heart function can

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Kaisa K Ivaska
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Maikki K Heliövaara Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Turku PET Centre, Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Centre of Southwest Finland, Department of Endocrinology, Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland

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Pertti Ebeling Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Turku PET Centre, Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Centre of Southwest Finland, Department of Endocrinology, Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland

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Marco Bucci Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Turku PET Centre, Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Centre of Southwest Finland, Department of Endocrinology, Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland

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Ville Huovinen Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Turku PET Centre, Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Centre of Southwest Finland, Department of Endocrinology, Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Turku PET Centre, Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Centre of Southwest Finland, Department of Endocrinology, Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Turku PET Centre, Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Centre of Southwest Finland, Department of Endocrinology, Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland

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H Kalervo Väänänen
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Pirjo Nuutila Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Turku PET Centre, Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Centre of Southwest Finland, Department of Endocrinology, Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Turku PET Centre, Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Centre of Southwest Finland, Department of Endocrinology, Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland

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Heikki A Koistinen Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Turku PET Centre, Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Centre of Southwest Finland, Department of Endocrinology, Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Turku PET Centre, Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Centre of Southwest Finland, Department of Endocrinology, Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland

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Introduction Bone is increasingly recognized as an effector in energy metabolism via its interactions with other tissues (1, 2) . The role of bone-derived osteocalcin (OC) as a novel endocrine regulator of glucose and lipid metabolism was

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Yiqiong Ma Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China

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Zhaowei Chen Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China

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Yu Tao Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China

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Jili Zhu Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China

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Hongxia Yang Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China

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Wei Liang Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China

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Guohua Ding Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China

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as the mitochondrial biosynthesis factor PGC1α (peroxisome proliferators activated receptor gamma co-activator-1α) ( 20 ). These results indicate metabolic abnormalities in the mitochondria. To meet the energy metabolism requirements of tissues and

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Davoud Jafari-Gharabaghlou Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

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Mostafa Vaghari-Tabari Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

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Hajar Oghbaei Department of Physiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

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Laura Lotz Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erlangen University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen–Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany

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Reza Zarezadeh Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

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Yeganeh Rastgar Rezaei Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

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Mahnaz Ranjkesh Medical Radiation Science Research Group (MRSRG), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

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Mohammad Nouri Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Department of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

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Amir Fattahi Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erlangen University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen–Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

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Saba Nikanfar Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

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Ralf Dittrich Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erlangen University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen–Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany

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-like factors called adipokines. Adipokines are a kind of cytokine that contributes to energy metabolism, inflammation, immunity, and angiogenesis, as well as, reproductive maturity and fertility ( 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ). Regarding the latter effect, it has been

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Dmitry M Davydov Laboratory of Neuroimmunopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia

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Malik K Nurbekov Laboratory of Sociogenomics, Moscow State Pedagogical University, Moscow, Russia

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status in individuals with and without type 2 diabetes (e.g., altered erythrocyte physiology), individual variance in both glycemic parameters can reflect different aspects of energy metabolism that are modulated by different gene polymorphisms. However

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Xianghe Chen College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China

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Xinyu Zeng College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China

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Xiao Qiu College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China

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Chi Liu College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China

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Pengcheng Lu College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China

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Ziming Shen College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China

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Xiangxiang Zhou College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China

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Kang Yang Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China

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’s pathological progression to death. Meanwhile, its fibrosis degree affects renal function ( 1 , 2 ). Silent information regulator factor 2-related enzyme 1 (Sirt1), as a key factor in regulating energy metabolism, exerts a nephroprotective effect by mediating

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Chao Xu Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China

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Xiang-Fei Li Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China

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Hong-Yan Tian Department of Ocean Technology, College of Marine and Biology Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Province Jiangsu, China

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Hua-Juan Shi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China

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Ding-Dong Zhang Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China

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Kenneth Prudence Abasubong Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China

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Wen-Bin Liu Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China

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( 2 ). However, to date, the energy metabolism of fish after a GTT has barely been investigated. It is now widely acknowledged that, the energy metabolism of fish is monitored by the intracellular energy sensors ( 1 , 10 ). Indeed, several studies

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Mohammed S Albreiki Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Centre for Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK

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Benita Middleton Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Centre for Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK

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Shelagh M Hampton Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Centre for Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK

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NR. Detrimental effects of constant light exposure and high-fat diet on circadian energy metabolism and insulin sensitivity . Journal of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 2013 27 1721 – 1732 . ( doi:10.1096/fj.12

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Riying Liang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China
Department of Ultrasound, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China

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Meijun Wang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China

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Chang Fu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China

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Hua Liang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China

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Hongrong Deng Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China

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Ying Tan Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China

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Fen Xu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China

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Mengyin Cai Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China

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play a vital role in maintaining the balance of blood glucose, blood lipid, and energy metabolism ( 14 ). The protective effects of SIRT1, such as regulation of energy metabolism, anti-fibrosis, and anti-oxidative stress, have been detected in various

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