Cheryl M Isherwood
Cheryl M Isherwood
Section of Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
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M Denise Robertson
M Denise Robertson
Section of Metabolic Medicine, Food and Macronutrients, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
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Debra J Skene
Debra J Skene
Section of Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
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Jonathan D Johnston
Jonathan D Johnston
Section of Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
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obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and circadian rhythmicity have been reviewed elsewhere ( 12 ). In one notable study, mice made obese by a high-fat diet exhibit reduced amplitude of circadian rhythms ( 17 ), although these effects may be due to diet
Patricia Arroyo Tardio
Patricia Arroyo Tardio
University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Gabriela Baldini
Gabriela Baldini
University Clinic of Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Baselland, Liestal, Switzerland
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Eleonora Seelig
Eleonora Seelig
University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
University Clinic of Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Baselland, Liestal, Switzerland
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University Clinic of Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Baselland, Liestal, Switzerland
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Introduction The hypothalamopituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis tightly regulates cortisol secretion ( 1 ). Cortisol is secreted in a circadian rhythm with a brisk increase upon awakening and a nadir around midnight ( 1 ). Food is an external factor
Mohammed S Albreiki
Mohammed S Albreiki
Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Centre for Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
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Benita Middleton
Benita Middleton
Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Centre for Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
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Shelagh M Hampton
Shelagh M Hampton
Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Centre for Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
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Introduction Artificial light exposure at night has become commonplace throughout the developed world ( 1 , 2 ). Light has been linked to various complex mechanisms such as the synchronisation of the circadian system ( 3 ). Circadian rhythms
Carla Scaroni
Carla Scaroni
Dipartimento di Medicina, U.O.C. Endocrinologia, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
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Nora M Albiger
Nora M Albiger
Dipartimento di Medicina, U.O.C. Endocrinologia, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
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Serena Palmieri
Serena Palmieri
Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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Davide Iacuaniello
Davide Iacuaniello
Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
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Chiara Graziadio
Chiara Graziadio
Department of Experimental Medicine, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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Luca Damiani
Luca Damiani
Department of Medical Sciences, Endocrinology and Internal Medicine Section, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Marialuisa Zilio
Marialuisa Zilio
Dipartimento di Medicina, U.O.C. Endocrinologia, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
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Antonio Stigliano
Antonio Stigliano
Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant’Andrea Hospital, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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Annamaria Colao
Annamaria Colao
Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
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Rosario Pivonello
Rosario Pivonello
Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
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the Altogether to Beat Cushing’s Syndrome (ABC) study group
the Altogether to Beat Cushing’s Syndrome (ABC) study group
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suspected CS was confirmed by the lack of cortisol suppression after 1 mg dexamethasone (10 µg/dL, n.v. <1.8) and the absence of a cortisol circadian rhythm (midnight serum cortisol, MserC, 12 µg/dL; n.v. <7.5). Which clinical features are the
Lang Qin
Lang Qin
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Xiaoming Zhu
Xiaoming Zhu
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Xiaoxia Liu
Xiaoxia Liu
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Meifang Zeng
Meifang Zeng
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Ran Tao
Ran Tao
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Yan Zhuang
Yan Zhuang
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Yiting Zhou
Yiting Zhou
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Zhaoyun Zhang
Zhaoyun Zhang
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
Shanghai Pituitary Tumor Center, Shanghai, China
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Shanghai Pituitary Tumor Center, Shanghai, China
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Yehong Yang
Yehong Yang
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Yiming Li
Yiming Li
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Yongfei Wang
Yongfei Wang
Division of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
Shanghai Pituitary Tumor Center, Shanghai, China
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Shanghai Pituitary Tumor Center, Shanghai, China
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Hongying Ye
Hongying Ye
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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The 24-h UFC excretion, the overnight 1 mg dexamethasone suppression test (DST) and cortisol secretion circadian rhythm were used as the first-line screen tests to identify patients with CS after exclusion of exogenous glucocorticoids exposure
Ditte Sofie Dahl Sørensen
Ditte Sofie Dahl Sørensen
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Jesper Krogh
Jesper Krogh
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Åse Krogh Rasmussen
Åse Krogh Rasmussen
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Mikkel Andreassen
Mikkel Andreassen
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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profiles in adult patients with 21-hydroxylase deficiency have shown a substantial circadian rhythm highly influenced by glucocorticoid replacement ( 6 ). Most recent clinical guideline from the US Endocrine Society suggests levels of androstenedione and 17
L M Mongioì
L M Mongioì
Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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R A Condorelli
R A Condorelli
Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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S La Vignera
S La Vignera
Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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A E Calogero
A E Calogero
Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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months ( 11 ). At the end of the 3 months, dual-release hydrocortisone mimicked the physiological circadian rhythm of cortisol secretion, confirming the results these authors had previously published in a phase 1 study ( 9 ). Moreover, the authors also
Ramjan Sanas Mohamed
Ramjan Sanas Mohamed
Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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Biyaser Abuelgasim
Biyaser Abuelgasim
Imperial College School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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Sally Barker
Sally Barker
Imperial College School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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Hemanth Prabhudev
Hemanth Prabhudev
Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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Niamh M Martin
Niamh M Martin
Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Karim Meeran
Karim Meeran
Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Emma L Williams
Emma L Williams
Department of Biochemistry, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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Sarah Darch
Sarah Darch
Department of Biochemistry, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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Whitlock Matthew
Whitlock Matthew
Department of Biochemistry, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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Tricia Tan
Tricia Tan
Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Florian Wernig
Florian Wernig
Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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circadian rhythm of cortisol secretion whereby, in the evening, cortisol secretion is higher in CS patients than in normal subjects ( 4 ). Therefore, assessment of LNSC, without the impracticality of hospitalisation and disruption of a normal routine, would
Kuang Hung
Kuang Hung
Department of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Bo-Ching Lee
Bo-Ching Lee
Department of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Po-Ting Chen
Po-Ting Chen
Department of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Kao-Lang Liu
Kao-Lang Liu
Department of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Chin-Chen Chang
Chin-Chen Chang
Department of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
Department and Graduate Institute of Forensic Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Department and Graduate Institute of Forensic Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Vin-Cent Wu
Vin-Cent Wu
Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Yen-Hung Lin
Yen-Hung Lin
Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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appearance, unilateral abnormality, and bilateral abnormalities. AVS All AVS procedures were performed by an interventional radiologist with 15 years of experience and in the morning to avoid bias resulting from the circadian rhythms of aldosterone
Dafydd Aled Rees
Dafydd Aled Rees
Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Deborah P Merke
Deborah P Merke
National Institutes of Health Clinical Center and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, USA
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Wiebke Arlt
Wiebke Arlt
MRC LMS, London, United Kingdom
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Aude Brac De La Perriere
Aude Brac De La Perriere
Hospices Civils de Lyon - GHE - Endocrinologie, Bron, France
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Angelica Linden Hirschberg
Angelica Linden Hirschberg
Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
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Anders Juul
Anders Juul
Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark, and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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John Newell-Price
John Newell-Price
The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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Alessandro Prete
Alessandro Prete
University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Nicole Reisch
Nicole Reisch
Endokrinologie, Nephrologie und weitere Sektionen - Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV - Campus Innenstadt, München, Germany
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Nike M Stikkelbroeck
Nike M Stikkelbroeck
Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Philippe A Touraine
Philippe A Touraine
University Hospitals Pitié Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Paris, France
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Alex Lewis
Alex Lewis
Neurocrine Biosciences Inc, London, United Kingdom
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John Porter
John Porter
Neurocrine Biosciences Inc, London, United Kingdom
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Helen Coope
Helen Coope
Neurocrine Biosciences Inc, London, United Kingdom
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Richard J Ross
Richard J Ross
The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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taking the dose on waking in the morning. MRHC has delayed release and sustained absorption was called Chronocort during development and has been shown to mimic the normal circadian rhythm of cortisol ( 13 , 14 ). MRHC is taken twice daily, at bedtime
