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to have anti-tumor effect by its antiproliferative and redifferentiation capacity ( 31 , 32 ). 1,25(OH) 2 D plays its biological role through binding to the vitamin D receptor (VDR), which belongs to the nuclear receptor family. 1,25(OH) 2 D is
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-stimulating hormone receptor ( FSHR ) gene polymorphisms, fat mass and obesity-associated ( FTO ) gene polymorphisms, insulin receptor ( IR ) and IR substrate ( IRS ) polymorphisms, vitamin D receptor ( VDR ) polymorphisms, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase ( MTHFR
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-deficient patients. The presence of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) has been detected in mice by various techniques (32, 33, 34) . Bischoff et al . (35) were the first to report the detection of the VDR in human muscle cells. A recent study, however, did not find
CEB – Centro de Engenharia Biológica, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal
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CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde & Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, Gandra, Portugal
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the kidneys ( 30 ), which then acts to maintain serum calcium levels, although its activities go beyond calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism ( 31 ). The vitamin D receptor (VDR) has been identified in practically all immune cell types ( 32
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active form of 1,25(OH)2D3 binds to vitamin D receptors (VDR), which is like other steroid hormones to a nuclear hormone receptor. VDR is a member of the nuclear transcription factor superfamily and is detected in most tissues. Through activation by 1
Birmingham Women’s Foundation Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
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Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
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Birmingham Women’s Foundation Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
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-hydroxylase (24-hydroxylase) and the vitamin D receptor (VDR) ( 18 , 19 ). In uncomplicated pregnancy, significant changes in vitamin D physiology arise, with a surge in maternal serum 1,25(OH) 2 D3 from the first trimester ( 20 ). During pregnancy 1,25(OH) 2
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vitamin D receptor (VDR) can be found across several tissues within the female reproductive system. VDR mRNA is expressed in ovarian, deciduae, placenta and endometrium cells ( 6 , 23 , 24 ). Furthermore, calcitriol (1,25[OH] 2 vitamin D) directly leads
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, apparently due to the effect on osteoprotegerin ( 70 ). Therefore, it can be argued that MEN1 mutations may lead to increased osteoclastogenic activity through PPARγ inhibition. WT menin also directly promotes the transcription of vitamin D receptor (VDR
Department of Clinical Chemistry, Hematology and Immunology, Noordwest Ziekenhuis, Alkmaar, The Netherlands
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Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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at the C1 position step by the kidney enzyme 1α-hydroxylase yields 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 (1,25(OH) 2 D 3 ) or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 2 (1,25(OH) 2 D 2 ), both are able to bind the nuclear vitamin D receptor (VDR). The renal 1α-hydroxylation is
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calcitriol induces its effects on the tissues. In brief, the first mechanism follows non-genomic binding of calcitriol to vitamin D receptors (VDRs) in cell wall caveolae causing rapid rises in intracellular calcium concentrations which, in turn, activate
