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Jingya Zhou Department of Medical Records, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
Collaborating Center for the WHO Family of International Classifications in China, Beijing, China

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Meng Zhang Department of Medical Records, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
Collaborating Center for the WHO Family of International Classifications in China, Beijing, China

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Lin Lu Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission of People’s Republic of China, Beijing, China

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Xiaopeng Guo Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
China Pituitary Disease Registry Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

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Lu Gao Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
China Pituitary Disease Registry Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

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Weigang Yan Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

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Haiyu Pang Central Research Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
Clinical Epidemiology Unit, International Epidemiology Network, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

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Yi Wang Department of Medical Records, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
Collaborating Center for the WHO Family of International Classifications in China, Beijing, China

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Bing Xing Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
China Pituitary Disease Registry Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

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on the presence of clinical characteristics combined with at least one altered biochemical test, such as 24-h urinary free cortisol level, serum cortisol diurnal variation and the 1 mg overnight low-dose dexamethasone suppression test (LDDST). The

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Natacha Driessens Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), CUB Hôpital Erasme, Department of Endocrinology, Route de Lennik, Brussels, Belgium

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Madhu Prasai Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), CUB Hôpital Erasme, Department of Endocrinology, Route de Lennik, Brussels, Belgium

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Orsalia Alexopoulou Department of Endocrinology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Brussels, Belgium

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Christophe De Block Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology-Metabolism, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen & University of Antwerp, Drie Eikenstraat, Edegem, Belgium

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Eva Van Caenegem Department of Endocrinology, Academisch Ziekenhuis Sint-Jan Brugge – Oostende AV, Ruddershove, Brugge, Belgium

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Guy T’Sjoen Department of Endocrinology, Ghent Universitary Hospital, C. Heymanslaan, Gent, Belgium

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Frank Nobels Department of Endocrinology, Onze-Lieve Vrouw Ziekenhuis, Moorselbaan, Aalst, Belgium

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Christophe Ghys Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan, Brussels, Belgium

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Laurent Vroonen Department of Endocrinology, Cliniques Universitaires de Liège, Avenue de l’hôpital, Liège, Belgium

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Corinne Jonas Department of Endocrinology, CHU UCL Namur - Godinne, Avenue Docteur Gaston Thérasse, Yvoir, Belgium

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Bernard Corvilain Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), CUB Hôpital Erasme, Department of Endocrinology, Route de Lennik, Brussels, Belgium

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Dominique Maiter Department of Endocrinology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Brussels, Belgium

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criteria: (i) a simultaneous serum level cortisol below and a plasma ACTH 2-fold above reference ranges; (ii) a high plasma ACTH concentration with a failed cortisol response (<400 nmol/L) to 250 µg intravenous ACTH injection and/or (iii) chronic treatment

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Dan Liang Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Han Chen Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Li-Yong Zhong Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA): basal cortisol level <3 μg/dL indicated impaired HPA function while the basal cortisol level >15 μg/dL excluded it. If basal cortisol levels ranged from 3 to 15 μg/dL, the circadian rhythm of adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol (08

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Sofia Maria Lider Burciulescu University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
National Institute of Endocrinology CI Parhon, Bucharest, Romania

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Monica Livia Gheorghiu University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
National Institute of Endocrinology CI Parhon, Bucharest, Romania

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Andrei Muresan National Institute of Endocrinology CI Parhon, Bucharest, Romania

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Iuliana Gherlan University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
National Institute of Endocrinology CI Parhon, Bucharest, Romania

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Attila Patocs Department of Laboratory Medicine and Molecular Genetics, Clinical Genetics and Endocrinology Laboratory, Semmelweis University National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary

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Corin Badiu University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
National Institute of Endocrinology CI Parhon, Bucharest, Romania

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metastatic disease were CT scans and MRIs. The presence of AI was defined as low morning (08:00–09.00 h) cortisol level (<3 µg/dL) and insufficient cortisol response to a stimulation (Synachten) test at a maximum 1 month post surgery and the need of gluco

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A Daniel Bird Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Spencer Greatorex Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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David Reser Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Gareth G Lavery Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, 2nd Floor IBR Tower, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK

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Timothy J Cole Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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and located on chromosome 1q32–41 in humans, is a bidirectional enzyme but normally acts as an oxidoreductase in vivo to drive formation of the active glucocorticoid cortisol. Located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, it requires NADPH

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Aleksandra Gilis-Januszewska Chair and Department of Endocrinology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
Endocrinology Department, University Hospital in Krakow, Krakow, Poland

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Łukasz Kluczyński Chair and Department of Endocrinology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
Endocrinology Department, University Hospital in Krakow, Krakow, Poland

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Alicja Hubalewska-Dydejczyk Chair and Department of Endocrinology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
Endocrinology Department, University Hospital in Krakow, Krakow, Poland

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hospitalized patients within 10 days of moderate and severe TBI (based on cortisol level lower than 11 µg/dL) ( 92 ). In another study, Bensalah et al. evaluated 200 patients during the first week after they sustained a TBI. He concluded that 2.8%, 21%, and

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Karim Gariani Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Therapeutic Patient Education, Geneva University Hospitals and Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland

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François R Jornayvaz Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Therapeutic Patient Education, Geneva University Hospitals and Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

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causes of NAFLD. Hormone Gland of origin Example of disease Cortisol - Pituitary gland (ACTH) - Adrenal gland (cortisol) - Cushing’s disease - Cushing’s syndrome - Exogenous corticoid administration Thyroxine (T4

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Kamran Iqbal Shire, London, UK

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Kate Halsby pH Associates, Marlow, UK

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Robert D Murray Leeds Centre for Diabetes & Endocrinology, St James’s University Hospital, Leeds, UK

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Paul V Carroll Department of Endocrinology, Guy’s & St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

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Robert Petermann Shire, Vienna, Austria

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primary AI, a mineralocorticoid analogue (fludrocortisone), with the aim to replace the missing cortisol and aldosterone, respectively. Conventional immediate-release (IR) HC does not replicate the physiological circadian rhythm of endogenous cortisol

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M Langeveld University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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C Y Tan University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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M R Soeters University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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S Virtue University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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G K Ambler Cambridge Vascular Unit, Addenbrookes Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK

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L P E Watson University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK
NIHR/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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P R Murgatroyd University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK
NIHR/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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V K Chatterjee University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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A Vidal-Puig University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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) were measured by time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay on an AutoDELFIA analyser (Perkin Elmer) using kits from Perkin Elmer. Cortisol level was measured by fluorescence immunoassay on the Siemens Centaur Autoanalyser. A minimum of two quality control

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Manjunath Goroshi Department of Endocrinology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, India
Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Belagavi, India

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Swati S Jadhav Department of Endocrinology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, India

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Vijaya Sarathi Narayana Medical College and Hospital, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India

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Anurag R Lila Department of Endocrinology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, India

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Virendra A Patil Department of Endocrinology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, India

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Ravikumar Shah Department of Endocrinology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, India

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Priya Hira Department of Radiology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, India

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Rajaram Sharma Department of Radiology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, India

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Shettepppa Goroshi Department of Radiology, Sri Nijalingappa Medical College Bagalkot, Navanagar, Karnataka, India

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Gwendolyn Fernandes Department of Pathology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, India

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Amey Rojekar Department of Pathology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, India

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Abhay Dalvi Departments of General Surgery, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, India

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Ganesh Bakshi Department of Uro-Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

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Gagan Prakash Department of Uro-Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

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Nalini S Shah Department of Endocrinology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, India

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Tushar R Bandgar Department of Endocrinology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, India

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considered as cortisol secreting, if overnight dexamethasone supressed serum cortisol was ≥1.8 µg/dL. Diagnosis of patients with AM was based on primary tumour histopathology and/or adrenal biopsy. CT protocol Imaging of the abdomen was performed on a

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