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aim of this article is to explore and review current evidence that associates PCOS with cardiometabolic abnormalities and possibly an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, obesity and sleep disturbances
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ongoing leaky gut. In obesity or the early stage of T2DM, systemic insulin resistance can trigger a compensatory response, increase the workload of pancreas and enhance the insulin secretion by pancreas β-cells. Some evidence have proved that pancreas β
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treating diabetes, insulin is primarily used to lower blood glucose ( 3 ), but the dosage of insulin widely varies among individuals, which in addition to insulin resistance compromises its clinical utility in reducing maternal and neonatal complications
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Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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relation between PCOS and BD is less well-known. PCOS is associated with central obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and insulin resistance ( 7 ), which all have been described to decrease BD ( 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ). However, hyperandrogenism, one of the
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Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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of obesity and MS. NAFLD is closely related to type 2 diabetes (T2DM), both of which have the pathophysiological manifestations of excessive fat accumulation and insulin resistance ( 3 , 4 , 5 ). Approximately 10% of adults have diabetes and 90
Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
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Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
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Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
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Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
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insulin resistance and show more disorganized liver lipid metabolism compared to their WT littermate controls ( 3 , 4 , 5 ). On the other hand, replenishment of FGF21 can reduce obesity, improve insulin sensitivity and increase glucose clearance ( 5 , 6
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development of T2DM in PCOS ( 17 ). These data support the most widely accepted hypothesis that the increased risk of T2DM in PCOS is mainly related to the strong interaction between androgens, obesity and peripheral insulin resistance. Animal studies
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observed in different populations ( 8 , 11 , 13 ). Systemic chemerin levels were also found to be associated with markers of fatty liver disease ( 12 ). The main pathophysiological factor of obesity-related metabolic complications is insulin resistance
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associated with a chronic low-grade inflammation ( 5 ) that has been implicated as a crucial factor for insulin resistance ( 6 ) and also beta-cell dysfunction ( 7 , 8 ). Patients diagnosed with latent autoimmune diabetes of the adults (LADA) ( 9
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glucose clearance. It is responsible for the majority of glucose uptake in the postprandial state and is also considered as the primary driver of systemic insulin resistance ( 6 , 7 ). Due to its crucial role in systemic glycometabolism, skeletal muscle