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Karolien Van De Maele Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, KidZ Health Castle, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium

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Jean De Schepper Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, KidZ Health Castle, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium

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Jesse Vanbesien Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, KidZ Health Castle, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium

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Monique Van Helvoirt Zeepreventorium, De Haan, Belgium

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Ann De Guchtenaere Zeepreventorium, De Haan, Belgium

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Inge Gies Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, KidZ Health Castle, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium

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-cells and decreased peripheral insulin sensitivity by an increased systemic inflammation as 1,25-OH 2 -D is involved in the inhibition of synthesis of Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) ( 14 ). On the other hand, a stimulation of

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-19-0364
Volume/Issue:
Volume 8: Issue 11
Open access
Rachel D C A Diniz
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Renata M Souza
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Roberto Salvatori Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Hepatology, Division of Radiology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil

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Alex Franca Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Hepatology, Division of Radiology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil

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Elenilde Gomes-Santos
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Thiago O Ferrão Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Hepatology, Division of Radiology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil

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Carla R P Oliveira
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João A M Santana
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Francisco A Pereira
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Rita A A Barbosa
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Anita H O Souza
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Rossana M C Pereira
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Alécia A Oliveira-Santos
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Allysson M P Silva
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Francisco J Santana-Júnior
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Eugênia H O Valença
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Viviane C Campos
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Manuel H Aguiar-Oliveira
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the mere accumulation of lipid within hepatocytes (hepatic steatosis, HS), or the inflammation of the liver (nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, NASH), liver fibrosis, or cirrhosis (2) . The evolution of HS to NASH occurs through the development of insulin

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-14-0078
Volume/Issue:
Volume 3: Issue 3
Open access
Guang-Ran Yang Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Dongmei Li Clinical and Translational Science Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA

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Zidian Xie Clinical and Translational Science Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA

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associated with DR ( 20 ). Obesity-induced inflammation and adipose tissue dysfunction might also play a role in the pathogenesis of DR ( 20 ). However, the specific mechanism remains unknown. The definitions of overweight and obesity vary among studies

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-21-0172
Volume/Issue:
Volume 10: Issue 7
Open access
Keiko Ohkuwa Department of Surgery, Ito Hospital, Tokyo, Japan

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Kiminori Sugino Department of Surgery, Ito Hospital, Tokyo, Japan

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Mitsuji Nagahama Department of Surgery, Ito Hospital, Tokyo, Japan

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Wataru Kitagawa Department of Surgery, Ito Hospital, Tokyo, Japan

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Kenichi Matsuzu Department of Surgery, Ito Hospital, Tokyo, Japan

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Akifumi Suzuki Department of Surgery, Ito Hospital, Tokyo, Japan

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Chisato Tomoda Department of Surgery, Ito Hospital, Tokyo, Japan

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Kiyomi Hames Department of Surgery, Ito Hospital, Tokyo, Japan

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Junko Akaishi Department of Surgery, Ito Hospital, Tokyo, Japan

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Chie Masaki Department of Surgery, Ito Hospital, Tokyo, Japan

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Koichi Ito Department of Surgery, Ito Hospital, Tokyo, Japan

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and worsened prognosis. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), one of the indicators of inflammation and immunology, is easily measured via peripheral blood sampling and is reportedly useful as a prognosis index of various types of cancer ( 12 , 13

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-21-0215
Volume/Issue:
Volume 10: Issue 8
Open access
Wang Chengji College of Physical Education, Chaohu University, Anhui Province, China

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Fan Xianjin College of Physical Education, Chaohu University, Anhui Province, China

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vascular inflammation and increased proinflammatory cytokines ( 35 ). In diabetes, PKC is activated by advanced glycation end (AGE) products and polyol pathway flux ( 36 ). Also, chronic hyperglycemia stimulates synthesis of DAG and activates DAG

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-18-0060
Volume/Issue:
Volume 7: Issue 4
Open access
Annieke C G van Baar Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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Andrei Prodan Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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Camilla D Wahlgren Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Steen S Poulsen Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Filip K Knop Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Albert K Groen Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Groningen, the Netherlands

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Jacques J Bergman Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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Max Nieuwdorp Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Department of Internal Medicine, VUMC Free University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Wallenberg Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Evgeni Levin Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Horaizon BV, Delft, the Netherlands

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overproduction is induced by chronic inflammation, one of the mechanisms promoting development of type 2 diabetes ( 23 ). We found a positive correlation between duodenal L cell density and kynurenine. Proliferation of L cells may be a physiological response to

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-18-0094
Volume/Issue:
Volume 7: Issue 5
Open access
Tsung-Hui Wu Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

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Guan-Yu Su Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

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Tsung-Yun Liu Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan

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Hsiang-Tsui Wang Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
PhD Program in Toxicology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

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Chii-Min Hwu Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan

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effects through various mechanisms, including DNA and protein adduction, disruption of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum, cell membrane damage, oxidative stress, and inflammation and immune dysfunction ( 8 ). Due to an abundance of polyunsaturated

Article Type:
Research Article
Collections:
Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-23-0253
Volume/Issue:
Volume 12: Issue 11
Open access
Khaled Kabarra Center for Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, Virginia, USA

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Pegah Golabi Betty and Guy Beatty Center for Integrated Research, Inova Health System, Falls Church, Virginia, USA

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Zobair M Younossi Center for Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
Betty and Guy Beatty Center for Integrated Research, Inova Health System, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
Inova Medicine, Inova Health System, Falls Church, Virginia, USA

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(NASH), which is histologic evidence of hepatic steatosis, lobular inflammation, hepatocyte ballooning with or without pericellular fibrosis, and/or Mallory-Denk bodies. NASH is considered the potentially progressive form of NAFLD that can progress to

Article Type:
Review Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-21-0048
Volume/Issue:
Volume 10: Issue 10
Open access
Amalie R Lanng Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark

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Lærke S Gasbjerg Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Natasha C Bergmann Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark

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Sigrid Bergmann Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark

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Mads M Helsted Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark

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Matthew P Gillum Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Bolette Hartmann Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jens J Holst Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Tina Vilsbøll Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Filip K Knop Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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) ( 26 ). The presented gluco-metabolic results represent a sub-study of an investigation of hepatic inflammation (unpublished). Therefore, the sample size was calculated to detect a minimal difference of 15% in the inflammation marker CD163

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-19-0317
Volume/Issue:
Volume 8: Issue 10
Open access
Bharat Kumar All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India

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Madhukar Mittal All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India

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Maya Gopalakrishnan All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India

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Mahendra K Garg All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India

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Sanjeev Misra All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India

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associated with a higher mortality and were strongly correlated with markers of inflammation (including hs-CRP and IL6). There was an increase in hazard ratio for mortality with every 100 mg/dL increase in plasma glucose level. Patients admitted with plasma

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-21-0086
Volume/Issue:
Volume 10: Issue 6
Open access