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Institute of Pathology, Institute of Pathology Nordhessen, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Departments of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1–3, 68135 Mannheim, Germany
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Institute of Pathology, Institute of Pathology Nordhessen, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Departments of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1–3, 68135 Mannheim, Germany
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genes known to date, the insulin-like growth factor 2 ( IGF2 ) and H19 , a gene for a noncoding RNA, are probably studied best (9) . IGF2 is of special interest, as it belongs to a small set of imprinted genes that can be studied in peripheral blood
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Introduction Adult growth hormone deficiency (AGHD) is a clinical syndrome characterized by abnormal body composition, unfavorable cardiovascular risk, cardiac dysfunction, decreased bone mineral density, and glucose intolerance ( 1 , 2
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to have the highest transforming ability ( 20 ), we can postulate that cells carrying this mutation can duplicate more rapidly and take a growth advantage respect to the non-mutated concomitant cells. The fact that bigger tumors have the RET p
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Internal Medicine, S. Maria delle Croci Hospital, AUSL Romagna, Ravenna, Italy
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Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Obesity Unit - Laboratory of Nutrition and Obesity Research, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Milan, Italy
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potential ( 16 ), which is a severe consequence per se, being related to mortality ( 17 ). However, linear growth reduction precedes CFRD ( 16 , 18 ) and cannot be reversed with intensive insulin treatment once diabetes is diagnosed ( 19 ), suggesting that
Hôpital de Cayenne, Service d’Endocrinologie et des Maladies Métaboliques, Cayenne, Guyane Française
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Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Introduction IGF-1 measurement is important for the diagnosis and management of patients with growth hormone (GH) deficiency or acromegaly as well as in their follow-up ( 1 , 2 ). We previously established normative data for six IGF-I assays
West Cancer Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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West Cancer Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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review. Prostate and hormone receptor-positive breast cancers share the common feature of their dependence on the respective male and female hormones for their continued growth. Both estrogen receptor (ER) and androgen receptor (AR) are promoters of
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Introduction The insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), IGF1 and IGF2, are important regulators of placental and foetal development, as well as postnatal growth and metabolism. In humans, circulating IGF1 peaks in adolescence and then falls with age
University Rehabilitation Institute Republic of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Clinical Institute of Radiology, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Clinical Institute of Radiology, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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cardiometabolic comorbidities( 8 ). Similarly, a 5-year prospective follow-up study in 56 patients indicated no clinically relevant tumor growth or a new subclinical hypercortisolism ( 12 ). The role of obesity and insulin resistance in the development and
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skeletal growth is heavily influenced by the genetic background, several other factors influence the bone structure and quality (e.g. chronic systemic illnesses, muscular disorders, metabolic disorders, and some medications). Also, a healthy lifestyle, with
Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
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Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
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Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
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Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
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Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
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Department of Urology, the 2nd affiliated hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
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Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
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erosion, thereby classifying them as invasive PitNETs ( 4 , 5 ). Invasive PitNETs may demonstrate a rapid growth rate, frequent recurrences, resistance to conventional treatments, and a poorer prognosis ( 6 , 7 ). In 2017, the World Health Organization