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Djeda Belharazem Institute of Pathology, Institute of Pathology Nordhessen, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Departments of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1–3, 68135 Mannheim, Germany

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Matthias Kirchner Institute of Pathology, Institute of Pathology Nordhessen, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Departments of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1–3, 68135 Mannheim, Germany
Institute of Pathology, Institute of Pathology Nordhessen, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Departments of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1–3, 68135 Mannheim, Germany

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Franziska Geissler Institute of Pathology, Institute of Pathology Nordhessen, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Departments of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1–3, 68135 Mannheim, Germany

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Peter Bugert Institute of Pathology, Institute of Pathology Nordhessen, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Departments of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1–3, 68135 Mannheim, Germany

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Martin Spahn Institute of Pathology, Institute of Pathology Nordhessen, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Departments of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1–3, 68135 Mannheim, Germany

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Burkhard Kneitz Institute of Pathology, Institute of Pathology Nordhessen, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Departments of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1–3, 68135 Mannheim, Germany

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Hubertus Riedmiller Institute of Pathology, Institute of Pathology Nordhessen, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Departments of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1–3, 68135 Mannheim, Germany

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Christian Sauer Institute of Pathology, Institute of Pathology Nordhessen, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Departments of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1–3, 68135 Mannheim, Germany

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Stefan Küffer Institute of Pathology, Institute of Pathology Nordhessen, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Departments of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1–3, 68135 Mannheim, Germany

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Lutz Trojan Institute of Pathology, Institute of Pathology Nordhessen, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Departments of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1–3, 68135 Mannheim, Germany

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Christian Bolenz Institute of Pathology, Institute of Pathology Nordhessen, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Departments of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1–3, 68135 Mannheim, Germany

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Maurice Stephan Michel Institute of Pathology, Institute of Pathology Nordhessen, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Departments of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1–3, 68135 Mannheim, Germany

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Alexander Marx Institute of Pathology, Institute of Pathology Nordhessen, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Departments of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1–3, 68135 Mannheim, Germany

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Philipp Ströbel Institute of Pathology, Institute of Pathology Nordhessen, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Departments of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1–3, 68135 Mannheim, Germany
Institute of Pathology, Institute of Pathology Nordhessen, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Departments of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1–3, 68135 Mannheim, Germany

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genes known to date, the insulin-like growth factor 2 ( IGF2 ) and H19 , a gene for a noncoding RNA, are probably studied best (9) . IGF2 is of special interest, as it belongs to a small set of imprinted genes that can be studied in peripheral blood

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Jose M Garcia GRECC VA Puget Sound HCS/University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA

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Beverly M K Biller Massachusetts General Hospital, Neuroendocrine Unit, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Márta Korbonits Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Endocrinology, London, UK

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Vera Popovic University of Belgrade, Medical Faculty, Belgrade, Serbia

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Anton Luger Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University, General Hospital, Vienna, Austria

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Christian J Strasburger Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Clinical Endocrinology CCM, Berlin, Germany

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Philippe Chanson Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d’Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l’Hypophyse, and Université Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris-Sud, Inserm, Signalisation Hormonale, Physiopathologie Endocrinienne et Métabolique, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France

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Ronald Swerdloff The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA

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Christina Wang The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA

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Rosa Rosanna Fleming Strongbridge Biopharma, Trevose, Pennsylvania, USA

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Fredric Cohen Strongbridge Biopharma, Trevose, Pennsylvania, USA

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Nicola Ammer Aeterna Zentaris GmbH, Frankfurt, Hessen, Germany

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Gilbert Mueller Aeterna Zentaris GmbH, Frankfurt, Hessen, Germany

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Nicky Kelepouris Novo Nordisk Inc., Plainsboro, New Jersey, USA

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Frank Strobl Novo Nordisk Inc., Plainsboro, New Jersey, USA

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Vlady Ostrow Novo Nordisk Inc., Plainsboro, New Jersey, USA

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Kevin C J Yuen University of Arizona College of Medicine and Creighton School of Medicine, Barrow Pituitary Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA

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Introduction Adult growth hormone deficiency (AGHD) is a clinical syndrome characterized by abnormal body composition, unfavorable cardiovascular risk, cardiac dysfunction, decreased bone mineral density, and glucose intolerance ( 1 , 2

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Cristina Romei Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Teresa Ramone Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Chiara Mulè Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Alessandro Prete Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Virginia Cappagli Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Loredana Lorusso Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Liborio Torregrossa Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Fulvio Basolo Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Raffaele Ciampi Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Rossella Elisei Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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to have the highest transforming ability ( 20 ), we can postulate that cells carrying this mutation can duplicate more rapidly and take a growth advantage respect to the non-mutated concomitant cells. The fact that bigger tumors have the RET p

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Alberto Battezzati International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status, DeFENS, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Andrea Foppiani International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status, DeFENS, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Gianfranco Alicandro Cystic Fibrosis Center, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Arianna Bisogno Cystic Fibrosis Center, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Arianna Biffi Cystic Fibrosis Center, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Giorgio Bedogni Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Internal Medicine, S. Maria delle Croci Hospital, AUSL Romagna, Ravenna, Italy

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Simona Bertoli International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status, DeFENS, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Obesity Unit - Laboratory of Nutrition and Obesity Research, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Milan, Italy

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Giulia De Carlo International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status, DeFENS, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Erica Nazzari Cystic Fibrosis Center, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Carla Colombo Cystic Fibrosis Center, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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potential ( 16 ), which is a severe consequence per se, being related to mortality ( 17 ). However, linear growth reduction precedes CFRD ( 16 , 18 ) and cannot be reversed with intensive insulin treatment once diabetes is diagnosed ( 19 ), suggesting that

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Nadia Sabbah Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d’Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l’Hypophyse, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
Hôpital de Cayenne, Service d’Endocrinologie et des Maladies Métaboliques, Cayenne, Guyane Française

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Peter Wolf Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d’Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l’Hypophyse, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

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Céline Piedvache Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Unité de Recherche Clinique, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France

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Séverine Trabado Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France

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Tristan Verdelet Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d’Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l’Hypophyse, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France

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Catherine Cornu Centre d’Investigation Clinique, INSERM CIC1407/UMR5558, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France

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Jean-Claude Souberbielle Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker, Service d’Explorations Fonctionnelles, Paris, France

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Philippe Chanson Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d’Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l’Hypophyse, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France

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Introduction IGF-1 measurement is important for the diagnosis and management of patients with growth hormone (GH) deficiency or acromegaly as well as in their follow-up ( 1 , 2 ). We previously established normative data for six IGF-I assays

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Michael Ulm University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
West Cancer Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA

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Arvind V Ramesh White Station High School, Memphis, Tennessee, USA

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Keely M McNamara Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan

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Suriyan Ponnusamy University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA

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Hironobu Sasano Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan

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Ramesh Narayanan University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
West Cancer Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA

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review. Prostate and hormone receptor-positive breast cancers share the common feature of their dependence on the respective male and female hormones for their continued growth. Both estrogen receptor (ER) and androgen receptor (AR) are promoters of

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K L Gatford School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia

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G K Heinemann School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia

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S D Thompson School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia

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J V Zhang School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia

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S Buckberry School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia

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J A Owens School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia

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G A Dekker School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia

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C T Roberts School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia

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on behalf of the SCOPE Consortium School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia

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Introduction The insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), IGF1 and IGF2, are important regulators of placental and foetal development, as well as postnatal growth and metabolism. In humans, circulating IGF1 peaks in adolescence and then falls with age

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Ana Podbregar Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
University Rehabilitation Institute Republic of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia

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Tomaž Kocjan Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia

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Matej Rakuša Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia

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Peter Popović Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Clinical Institute of Radiology, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia

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Manca Garbajs Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Clinical Institute of Radiology, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia

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Katja Goricar Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia

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Andrej Janez Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia

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Mojca Jensterle Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia

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cardiometabolic comorbidities( 8 ). Similarly, a 5-year prospective follow-up study in 56 patients indicated no clinically relevant tumor growth or a new subclinical hypercortisolism ( 12 ). The role of obesity and insulin resistance in the development and

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Silvia Ciancia Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

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Vanessa Dubois Basic and Translational Endocrinology (BaTE), Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

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Martine Cools Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Pediatric Endocrinology Service, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium

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skeletal growth is heavily influenced by the genetic background, several other factors influence the bone structure and quality (e.g. chronic systemic illnesses, muscular disorders, metabolic disorders, and some medications). Also, a healthy lifestyle, with

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Shikai Gui Department of Neurosurgery, the 2nd affiliated hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China

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Wanli Yu Department of Neurosurgery, the 2nd affiliated hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China

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Jiabao Xie Department of Neurosurgery, the 2nd affiliated hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China

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Lunshan Peng Department of Neurosurgery, the 2nd affiliated hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China

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Yuanyuan Xiong Department of Neurosurgery, the 2nd affiliated hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China

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Zhen Song Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
Department of Urology, the 2nd affiliated hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China

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Haitao Luo Department of Neurosurgery, the 2nd affiliated hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China

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Juexian Xiao Department of Neurosurgery, the 2nd affiliated hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China

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Shengtao Yuan Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China

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Zujue Cheng Department of Neurosurgery, the 2nd affiliated hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China

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erosion, thereby classifying them as invasive PitNETs ( 4 , 5 ). Invasive PitNETs may demonstrate a rapid growth rate, frequent recurrences, resistance to conventional treatments, and a poorer prognosis ( 6 , 7 ). In 2017, the World Health Organization

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