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Veronica Kieffer
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Kate Davies University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, NHS Grampian, Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Salford Royal Hospitals Foundation Trust, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, The London Clinic, Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, LE1 5WW, UK

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Christine Gibson University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, NHS Grampian, Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Salford Royal Hospitals Foundation Trust, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, The London Clinic, Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, LE1 5WW, UK

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Morag Middleton University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, NHS Grampian, Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Salford Royal Hospitals Foundation Trust, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, The London Clinic, Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, LE1 5WW, UK

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Jean Munday University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, NHS Grampian, Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Salford Royal Hospitals Foundation Trust, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, The London Clinic, Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, LE1 5WW, UK

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Shashana Shalet University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, NHS Grampian, Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Salford Royal Hospitals Foundation Trust, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, The London Clinic, Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, LE1 5WW, UK

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Lisa Shepherd University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, NHS Grampian, Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Salford Royal Hospitals Foundation Trust, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, The London Clinic, Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, LE1 5WW, UK

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Phillip Yeoh University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, NHS Grampian, Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Salford Royal Hospitals Foundation Trust, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, The London Clinic, Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, LE1 5WW, UK

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patient regarding the long-term effects of the diagnosis and management • Is able to assess the effectiveness of treatment • Has awareness and knowledge of local GH and IGF1 reference ranges • Initiates medical therapies including self

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Ivar Følling Department of Endocrinology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway

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Anna B Wennerstrøm Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway

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Tor J Eide Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

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Hilde Loge Nilsen Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway

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region around the insulin gene may have possible autocrine stimulatory growth effects in phaeochromocytomas. They overexpress IGF-2 and its receptor ( 20 ) and the IGF-1 receptor ( 36 ), and the overexpression is most pronounced in malignant tumours ( 37

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Kunal Thakkar Department of Endocrinology, Seth G S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India

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Swati Ramteke-Jadhav Department of Endocrinology, Seth G S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India

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Rajeev Kasaliwal Department of Endocrinology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College & Hospital, Jaipur, India

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Saba Samad Memon Department of Endocrinology, Seth G S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India

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Virendra Patil Department of Endocrinology, Seth G S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India

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Puja Thadani Department of Endocrinology, Seth G S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India

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Nilesh Lomte Department of Endocrinology, Seth G S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India

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Shilpa Sankhe Department of Radiology, Seth G S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India

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Atul Goel Department of Neurosurgery, Seth G S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India

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Sridhar Epari Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India

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Naina Goel Department of Neuropathology, Seth G S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India

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Anurag Lila Department of Endocrinology, Seth G S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India

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Nalini S Shah Department of Endocrinology, Seth G S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India

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Tushar Bandgar Department of Endocrinology, Seth G S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India

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Clinical features, biochemical evaluation, treatment and follow-up of patients. Case No. Age at initial presentation (years)/sex Presenting feature FT4 (ng/dL) (0.8–1.8)/TSH (µIU/mL) (0.4–4.0) IGF1 (ng/mL) (age specific normal range) 8

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Ya-Fen Hu Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
Department of Endocrinology, The People’s Hospital of Daxing District, Beijing, China

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Lin Hua Department of Mathematics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Xiu Tuo Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Ting-Ting Shi Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Yi-Lin Yang Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Yun-Fu Liu Department of Radiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Zhong-Yu Yan Department of Radiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Zhong Xin Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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fat is a rather late phenomenon . European Journal of Endocrinology 2015 173 149 – 153 . ( https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-14-1140 ) 26142100 10.1530/EJE-14-1140 12 Smith TJ Hegedus L Douglas RS . Role of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1

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María L Bacigalupo Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Verónica G Piazza Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Nadia S Cicconi Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Pablo Carabias Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Andrzej Bartke Department of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics Research, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois, USA

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Yimin Fang Department of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics Research, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois, USA

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Ana I Sotelo Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Gabriel A Rabinovich Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, and Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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María F Troncoso Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Johanna G Miquet Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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metabolism. This hormone is secreted by the pituitary gland and acts directly on target cells by signaling through its membrane-associated receptor. GH also promotes insulin-like growth factor type 1 (IGF1) synthesis, principally in the liver, which then

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Elena Galazzi IRCSS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research and Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Milan, Italy
Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi, Milan, Italy

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Paolo Duminuco IRCSS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research and Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Milan, Italy

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Mirella Moro IRCSS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research and Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Milan, Italy

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Fabiana Guizzardi IRCSS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research and Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Milan, Italy

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Nicoletta Marazzi IRCSS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Laboratory for Auxo-Endocrinological Research, Milan, Italy

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Alessandro Sartorio IRCSS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Laboratory for Auxo-Endocrinological Research, Milan, Italy
Division of Auxology and Metabolic Diseases, IRCSS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Piancavallo (VB), Italy

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Sabrina Avignone Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, U.O.C Neuroradiologia, Milan, Italy

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Marco Bonomi IRCSS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research and Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Milan, Italy
Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi, Milan, Italy

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Luca Persani IRCSS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research and Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Milan, Italy
Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi, Milan, Italy

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Maria Teresa Bonati IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Service of Medical Genetics, Milan, Italy

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-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) = 201 ng/mL, n.v. 141–669; thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) = 1.85 mU/L, n.v. 0.27–4.5; free T4 = 15.9 pmol/L, n.v. 11.5–24.5; prolactin (PRLb) = 6.1 ng/mL; n.v. 2.5–17) with prepubertal response of LH and FSH to GnRH test, low

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Nadine M Vaninetti Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

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David B Clarke Division of Neurosurgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

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Deborah A Zwicker Cape Breton Regional Hospital, Sydney, Nova Scotia, Canada

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Churn-Ern Yip Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

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Barna Tugwell Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

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Steve Doucette Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

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Chris Theriault Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

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Khaled Aldahmani Department of Medicine, Tawam Hospital in Affiliation with Johns Hopkins, AI Ain, UAE

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Syed Ali Imran Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

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of typical clinical features, an elevated age- and gender-matched serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and inability to suppress GH to <0.4 µg/L following a 75 g oral glucose load. ACTH adenomas were diagnosed based on clinical and biochemical

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Yali Cheng Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Qiaoying Lv Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Bingying Xie Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Bingyi Yang Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Weiwei Shan Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Chengcheng Ning Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Bing Li Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Liying Xie Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Chao Gu Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Xuezhen Luo Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Xiaojun Chen Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Qin Zhu Department of Pathology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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IGF1 intervention could upregulate G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) expression through epigenetic modulation to increase the sensitivity of endometrial cells to estrogen ( 12 , 13 ). Collectively, insulin resistance, chronic inflammation and

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Nikolaos Kyriakakis Department of Endocrinology, Leeds Centre for Diabetes & Endocrinology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
Leeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine (LICAMM), University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

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Marilena Giannoudi Department of Endocrinology, Leeds Centre for Diabetes & Endocrinology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK

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Satish S Kumar Department of Endocrinology, Leeds Centre for Diabetes & Endocrinology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK

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Khyatisha Seejore Department of Endocrinology, Leeds Centre for Diabetes & Endocrinology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
Leeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine (LICAMM), University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

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Georgios K Dimitriadis Department of Endocrinology, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, UK

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Harpal Randeva Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK

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Adam Glaser Pediatric Oncology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, UK

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Michelle Kwok-Williams Clinical Oncology, Leeds Cancer Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK

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Georgina Gerrard Clinical Oncology, Leeds Cancer Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK

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Carmel Loughrey Clinical Oncology, Leeds Cancer Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK

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Ahmed Al-Qaissi Department of Endocrinology, Leeds Centre for Diabetes & Endocrinology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK

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Ramzi Ajjan Leeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine (LICAMM), University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

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Julie Lynch Department of Endocrinology, Leeds Centre for Diabetes & Endocrinology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK

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Robert D Murray Department of Endocrinology, Leeds Centre for Diabetes & Endocrinology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
Leeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine (LICAMM), University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

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insulin tolerance test (ITT) or the glucagon stimulation test, where the ITT was contraindicated, was used to assess the integrity of the growth hormone (GH) and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axes. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and thyroid function

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Shaomin Shi Division of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China

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Xinghua Chen Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

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Wen Yu Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China

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Xiaolan Ke Division of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China

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Tean Ma Division of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China

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109119 . ( https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2021.109119 ) 2 Dong R Yu JL Yu FX Yang S Qian Q & Zha Y . IGF-1/IGF-1R blockade ameliorates diabetic kidney disease through normalizing Snail 1 expression in a mouse model . American Journal

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