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Sílvia Santos Monteiro Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism. Department of Medicine, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Largo Professor Abel Salazar Porto, Portugal

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Tiago Silva Santos Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism. Department of Medicine, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Largo Professor Abel Salazar Porto, Portugal

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Ana Martins Lopes Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism. Department of Medicine, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Largo Professor Abel Salazar Porto, Portugal

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José Carlos Oliveira Department of Clinical Pathology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Largo Professor Abel Salazar Porto, Portugal

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Cláudia Freitas Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism. Department of Medicine, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Largo Professor Abel Salazar Porto, Portugal

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André Couto Carvalho Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism. Department of Medicine, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Largo Professor Abel Salazar Porto, Portugal

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, lactose intolerance, pancreatic insufficiency, short-bowel syndrome), systemic medical conditions (cirrhosis, cardiomyopathy, nephrotic syndrome), concomitant use of other drugs (proton pump inhibitor, ferrous salts, calcium carbonate, laxatives

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Christian Trummer Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

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Stefan Pilz Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

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Verena Schwetz Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

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Barbara Obermayer-Pietsch Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

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Elisabeth Lerchbaum Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

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important public health problem ( 2 ). Vitamin D has been well known for its role in maintaining calcium homeostasis and promoting bone mineralization ( 2 ). Beyond the established relationship between vitamin D deficiency and musculoskeletal diseases

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Federica Saponaro Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology, Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
Endocrinology Unit 2, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Alessandro Saba Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology, Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Sabina Frascarelli Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology, Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Concetta Prontera Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, Pisa, Italy

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Aldo Clerico Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, Pisa, Italy

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Marco Scalese Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Council of Research, Pisa, Italy

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Maria Rita Sessa Laboratory of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Filomena Cetani Endocrinology Unit 2, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Simona Borsari Endocrinology Unit 2, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Elena Pardi Endocrinology Unit 2, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Antonella Marvelli Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Claudio Marcocci Endocrinology Unit 2, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Claudio Passino Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, Pisa, Italy

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Riccardo Zucchi Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology, Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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characterization and the following data were available from basal evaluation: age, gender, BMI, NYHA class, blood pressure, ejection fraction, PTH levels and albumin-adjusted serum calcium. In all patients, 25OHD levels were measured by high-performance liquid

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Tao Yuan Department of Endocrinology & Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, The National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China

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Lanping Jiang Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China

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Chen Chen Department of Pediatrics, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China

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Xiaoyan Peng Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China

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Min Nie Department of Endocrinology & Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, The National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China

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Xuemei Li Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China

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Xiaoping Xing Department of Endocrinology & Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, The National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China

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Xuewang Li Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China

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Limeng Chen Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China

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Introduction Gitelman syndrome (GS) (OMIM 263800) is an autosomal recessive renal tubular salt-wasting disorder that is characterized by hypokalaemic metabolic alkalosis, hypomagnesaemia and low urinary calcium, with secondary renin

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Benjamin G Challis Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge and National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
Wolfson Diabetes and Endocrine Centre, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
IMED Biotech Unit, Clinical Discovery Unit, AstraZeneca, UK

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Andrew S Powlson Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge and National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
Wolfson Diabetes and Endocrine Centre, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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Ruth T Casey Wolfson Diabetes and Endocrine Centre, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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Carla Pearson Wolfson Diabetes and Endocrine Centre, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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Brian Y Lam Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge and National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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Marcella Ma Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge and National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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Deborah Pitfield Wolfson Diabetes and Endocrine Centre, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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Giles S H Yeo Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge and National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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Edmund Godfrey Department of Radiology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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Heok K Cheow Department of Radiology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
Department of Nuclear Medicine, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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V Krishna Chatterjee Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge and National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
Wolfson Diabetes and Endocrine Centre, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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Nicholas R Carroll Department of Radiology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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Ashley Shaw Department of Radiology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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John R Buscombe Department of Radiology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
Department of Nuclear Medicine, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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Helen L Simpson Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

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preoperative localisation modalities in our centre shifted from pancreatic angiography and intra-arterial calcium stimulation with hepatic vein catheterisation to endoscopic ultrasound (EUS). When used, angiography regionalised 5 of 8 lesions, and when used for

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Nobuo Matsuura Department of Pediatrics, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan

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Tadashi Kaname Department of Genome Medicine, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan

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Norio Niikawa Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Sapporo, Japan

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Yoshihide Ooyama Department of Pediatrics, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan

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Osamu Shinohara Shinohara Child Clinic, Machida, Japan

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Yukifumi Yokota Department of Pediatrics, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan

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Shigeyuki Ohtsu Department of Pediatrics, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan

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Noriyuki Takubo Department of Pediatrics, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan

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Kazuteru Kitsuda Department of Pediatrics, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan

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Keiko Shibayama Department of Pediatrics, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan

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Fumio Takada Department of Medical Genetics, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Science, Sagamihara, Japan

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Akemi Koike Miyanosawa Child Clinic, Sapporo, Japan

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Hitomi Sano Department of Pediatric, Sapporo City General Hospital, Sapporo, Japan

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Yoshiya Ito Department of Clinical Medicine, Japanese Red Cross Hospital Collage of Nursing, Kitami, Japan

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Kenji Ishikura Department of Pediatrics, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan

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group consisted of six patients. All of them exhibited multiple short metatarsal bones, cone-shaped epiphyses, hypothyroidism and normal serum calcium and phosphorus levels, although serum iPTH levels were elevated compared to the normal level in all

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Anna Liori Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras, School of Health Sciences, Patras, Greece

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Damaskini Polychroni Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras, School of Health Sciences, Patras, Greece

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Georgios K Markantes Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras, School of Health Sciences, Patras, Greece

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Maria Stamou Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras, School of Health Sciences, Patras, Greece

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Sarantis Livadas Endocrine Unit, Athens Medical Centre, Athens, Greece

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George Mastorakos Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolism, Aretaieion Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Neoklis Georgopoulos Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras, School of Health Sciences, Patras, Greece

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-013-8361-3 ) 5 Kovacs CS Kronenberg HM . Maternal-fetal calcium and bone metabolism during pregnancy, puerperium, and lactation . Endocrine Reviews 1997 18 832 – 872 . ( https://doi.org/10.1210/edrv.18.6.0319 ) 6 Specker BL Do North American women need

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Shuang Wan Adrenal Center, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
Department of Endocrinology, Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China

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Chengcheng Zheng Adrenal Center, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

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Tao Chen Adrenal Center, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

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Lu Tan Adrenal Center, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

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Jia Tang Adrenal Center, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

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Haoming Tian Adrenal Center, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

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Yan Ren Adrenal Center, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

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mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor antagonists, calcium antagonists, and beta-blockers, were withdrawn before the test. α1-adrenergic receptor antagonists or nondihydropyridine calcium

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Carolina Inda Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)-CONICET-Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
DFBMC, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Natalia G Armando Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)-CONICET-Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Paula A dos Santos Claro Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)-CONICET-Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Susana Silberstein Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)-CONICET-Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
DFBMC, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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been implicated in CRHR functions, including ERK1/2 and p38 MAPKs, PKA, Akt, NFkB, GSK-3b/Wnt, RhoA as well as other important signaling molecules such as cAMP, calcium, IP3 and nitric oxide/cGMP ( 10 ). Here, we review the principal characteristics

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Julia Kubiak Tromsø Endocrine Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway

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Per Medbøe Thorsby Department of Medical Biochemistry, Per Medbøe Thorsby, Hormone Laboratory, Oslo University Hospital, Aker, Norway

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Elena Kamycheva Tromsø Endocrine Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway

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Rolf Jorde Tromsø Endocrine Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway

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in most tissues of the body ( 1 ). Initially related to rickets in children, vitamin D is nowadays considered as a vitamin/hormone with multiple functions, such as intestinal calcium absorption, involvement in cell proliferation and inflammation

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