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Siphiwe N Dlamini SAMRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit (DPHRU), School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
Non-communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa

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Zané Lombard Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service, and School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

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Lisa K Micklesfield SAMRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit (DPHRU), School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

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Nigel Crowther Department of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

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Shane A Norris SAMRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit (DPHRU), School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

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Tracy Snyman Department of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

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Andrew A Crawford Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Brian R Walker BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Institute of Genetic Medicine to Translational & Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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Julia H Goedecke SAMRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit (DPHRU), School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
Non-communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa

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components, and related cardiometabolic risk factors, including measures of obesity, insulin resistance, and glucose intolerance ( 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ). Cortisol may not be the only glucocorticoid involved in metabolic syndrome as humans also produce

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Maria Houborg Petersen Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Jacob Volmer Stidsen Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Martin Eisemann de Almeida Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Emil Kleis Wentorf Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Kurt Jensen Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Niels Ørtenblad Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Kurt Højlund Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Introduction Type 2 diabetes is typically characterized by insulin resistance and failure of the pancreatic beta cells to compensate for this abnormality ( 1 ). Exercise training is essential in diabetes management ( 2 ), and the beneficial

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Karolien Van De Maele Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, KidZ Health Castle, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium

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Jean De Schepper Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, KidZ Health Castle, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium

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Jesse Vanbesien Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, KidZ Health Castle, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium

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Monique Van Helvoirt Zeepreventorium, De Haan, Belgium

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Ann De Guchtenaere Zeepreventorium, De Haan, Belgium

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Inge Gies Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, KidZ Health Castle, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium

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directly by a direct vitamin D receptor-dependent inhibition of the critical molecular components of adipogenesis, as well indirectly by inducing insulin resistance and elevated PTH concentrations. Therefore, the main aim of our study is to investigate

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Rachel D C A Diniz
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Renata M Souza
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Roberto Salvatori Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Hepatology, Division of Radiology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil

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Alex Franca Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Hepatology, Division of Radiology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil

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Elenilde Gomes-Santos
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Thiago O Ferrão Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Hepatology, Division of Radiology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil

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Carla R P Oliveira
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João A M Santana
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Francisco A Pereira
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Rita A A Barbosa
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Anita H O Souza
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Rossana M C Pereira
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Alécia A Oliveira-Santos
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Allysson M P Silva
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Francisco J Santana-Júnior
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Eugênia H O Valença
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Viviane C Campos
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Manuel H Aguiar-Oliveira
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hepatocellular carcinoma is higher than 10% in 5 years (6) . It is therefore important to define the causes of NAFLD. Adult-onset GH deficiency (AOGHD) constitutes a specific model of metabolic syndrome (7, 8) , with visceral obesity, insulin resistance

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Ying Pei Research Centre of Basic Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China

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Rui Wang School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China

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Wanyu Chen Research Centre of Basic Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China

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Shulin Yi Research Centre of Basic Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China

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Chen Huang Research Centre of Basic Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China

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Shaochan Liang School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China

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Hongying Cao School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China

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Yifei Xu Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China

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Bo Tan Research Centre of Basic Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China

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HGD group. In contrast, HGD-fed mice developed obesity, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance. These findings suggested that HGD promotes insulin resistance and the development of T2DM. Fecal counts were reduced in both the HGD and HFD

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Amalie R Lanng Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark

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Lærke S Gasbjerg Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Natasha C Bergmann Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark

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Sigrid Bergmann Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark

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Mads M Helsted Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark

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Matthew P Gillum Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Bolette Hartmann Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jens J Holst Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Tina Vilsbøll Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Filip K Knop Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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may cause hepatic steatosis which in some individuals leads to insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance ( 4 , 5 ). However, the exact mechanisms underlying these pathophysiological processes have not been identified. Alcohol has been found

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Ursula M M Costa Division of Cardiology, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE 49060-100, Brazil

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Carla R P Oliveira Division of Cardiology, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE 49060-100, Brazil

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Roberto Salvatori Division of Cardiology, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE 49060-100, Brazil

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José A S Barreto-Filho Division of Cardiology, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE 49060-100, Brazil

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Viviane C Campos Division of Cardiology, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE 49060-100, Brazil

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Francielle T Oliveira Division of Cardiology, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE 49060-100, Brazil

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Ivina E S Rocha Division of Cardiology, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE 49060-100, Brazil

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Joselina L M Oliveira Division of Cardiology, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE 49060-100, Brazil

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Wersley A Silva Division of Cardiology, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE 49060-100, Brazil

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Manuel H Aguiar-Oliveira Division of Cardiology, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE 49060-100, Brazil

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metabolic syndrome, with visceral obesity, insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction, increased sympathetic activity, and a pro-inflammatory profile (3, 4, 5) . Although GH replacement therapy has been shown to reduce the risk profile (6) , it is still

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Min Li Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fudan Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Ying Chen Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fudan Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Jingjing Jiang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fudan Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Yan Lu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fudan Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Zhiyi Song Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Shengjie Zhang CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China

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Chao Sun CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China

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Hao Ying CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China

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Xiaofang Fan Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Minhang Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Central Hospital of Minhang District, Shanghai Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Yuping Song Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Minhang Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Central Hospital of Minhang District, Shanghai Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Jialin Yang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Minhang Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Central Hospital of Minhang District, Shanghai Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Lin Zhao Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fudan Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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adipokine profile ( 17 , 18 ). In contrast, mice depleted of Nrg4 or ErbB4 developed metabolic disorders as shown by development of obesity, dyslipidemia, hepatic steatosis, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance ( 14 , 19 ). Considering

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Lina S Silva-Bermudez School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia

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Freddy J K Toloza School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia

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Maria C Perez-Matos School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia

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Russell J de Souza Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada

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Laura Banfield Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada

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Andrea Vargas-Villanueva School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia

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Carlos O Mendivil School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, and Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Section of Endocrinology, Bogotá, Colombia

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, and favor LDL cholesterol uptake and catabolism ( 3 ). On the other hand, progesterone induces insulin resistance and hyperglycemia, resembling the physiological state of pregnancy ( 4 ). Of note, progestins may bind not only the progesterone receptor

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Sahar Hossam El Hini Diabetes and Endocrinology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt

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Yehia Zakaria Mahmoud Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt

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Ahmed Abdelfadel Saedii Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt

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Sayed Shehata Mahmoud Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt

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Mohamed Ahmed Amin Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt

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Shereen Riad Mahmoud Diabetes and Endocrinology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt

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Ragaa Abdelshaheed Matta Diabetes and Endocrinology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt

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Introduction Overt hypothyroidism (OH) and subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) are characterized by the coexistence of traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors, insulin resistance (IR), elevated inflammatory markers, altered hemodynamic

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