Raymond J Rodgers
Raymond J Rodgers
Robinson Research Institute, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Jodie C Avery
Jodie C Avery
Robinson Research Institute, School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Vivienne M Moore
Vivienne M Moore
Robinson Research Institute, School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Michael J Davies
Michael J Davies
Robinson Research Institute, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Ricardo Azziz
Ricardo Azziz
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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Elisabet Stener-Victorin
Elisabet Stener-Victorin
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Lisa J Moran
Lisa J Moran
Robinson Research Institute, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Sarah A Robertson
Sarah A Robertson
Robinson Research Institute, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Nigel K Stepto
Nigel K Stepto
Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
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Robert J Norman
Robert J Norman
Robinson Research Institute, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
FertilitySA, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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FertilitySA, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Helena J Teede
Helena J Teede
Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation (MCHRI), School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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contribution to the development of DM2. Declaration of interest The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of this review. Funding This work did not receive any specific
Rong Xu
Rong Xu
Center for Endocrine Metabolism and Immune Diseases, Lu He Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing, China
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Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing, China
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Difei Lian
Difei Lian
Center for Endocrine Metabolism and Immune Diseases, Lu He Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing, China
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Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing, China
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Yan Xie
Yan Xie
Center for Endocrine Metabolism and Immune Diseases, Lu He Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing, China
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Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing, China
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Lin Mu
Lin Mu
Center for Endocrine Metabolism and Immune Diseases, Lu He Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing, China
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Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing, China
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Yali Wu
Yali Wu
Center for Endocrine Metabolism and Immune Diseases, Lu He Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing, China
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Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing, China
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Zhilei Chen
Zhilei Chen
Center for Endocrine Metabolism and Immune Diseases, Lu He Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing, China
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Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing, China
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Baoyu Zhang
Baoyu Zhang
Center for Endocrine Metabolism and Immune Diseases, Lu He Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing, China
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Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing, China
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). The development of osteoporosis is associated with a variety of factors, including hormone changes and calcium and vitamin D deficiency, and there is increasing evidence that oxidative stress is also a potential mechanism for age-related bone loss
Charlotte Höybye
Charlotte Höybye
Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetology, Karolinska University Hospital and Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Andreas F H Pfeiffer
Andreas F H Pfeiffer
Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Klinik für Endokrinologie & Stoffwechselmedizin, Berlin, Germany
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Diego Ferone
Diego Ferone
IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Università di Genova – Endocrinologia DiMI, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, & CEBR, Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica, Genova, Italy
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Jens Sandahl Christiansen
Jens Sandahl Christiansen
Medicinsk Endokrinologist Afd., MEA, NBG, Århus Sygehus, Århus, Denmark
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David Gilfoyle
David Gilfoyle
Ascendis Pharma A/S, Hellerup, Denmark
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Eva Dam Christoffersen
Eva Dam Christoffersen
Ascendis Pharma A/S, Hellerup, Denmark
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Eva Mortensen
Eva Mortensen
Ascendis Pharma Inc., Palo Alto, California, USA
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Jonathan A Leff
Jonathan A Leff
Ascendis Pharma Inc., Palo Alto, California, USA
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Michael Beckert
Michael Beckert
Ascendis Pharma A/S, Hellerup, Denmark
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facilitate GH’s many functions, any GH replacement product should be able to reach GH receptors. Currently, a variety of long-acting GH therapies are in development. Most are chemically modified proteins that often extend GH’s half-life by molecular
Hongyan Wang
Hongyan Wang
Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Bin Wu
Bin Wu
Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Zichuan Yao
Zichuan Yao
Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Xianqing Zhu
Xianqing Zhu
Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Yunzhong Jiang
Yunzhong Jiang
Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Song Bai
Song Bai
Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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University in Shengyang, China, 14 January 2019. Informed consent from all eligible patients was obtained. The clinical research registry UIN is ChiCTR1900020811. The development cohort of this study consisted of 262 patients who underwent pheochromocytoma
Rui-yi Tang
Rui-yi Tang
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Rong Chen
Rong Chen
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Miao Ma
Miao Ma
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Shou-qing Lin
Shou-qing Lin
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Yi-wen Zhang
Yi-wen Zhang
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Ya-ping Wang
Ya-ping Wang
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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). Cases of KS account for approximately 40–60% of all IHH cases ( 3 , 4 ). IHH negatively affects patients’ sexual, bone and metabolic health, as well as their psychological development ( 5 , 6 ). Thus, a precise early diagnosis and timely treatment
Rajae Talbi
Rajae Talbi
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Victor M Navarro
Victor M Navarro
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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neurons in the control of reproduction and metabolism. On one hand, Kiss1 ARC neurons are direct targets of central and peripheral metabolic cues, which form an essential regulatory element of the HPG axis from early stages of development. On the other
Manon Engels
Manon Engels
Department of Paediatrics, Radboud Amalia Children’s Hospital, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Laboratory Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Laboratory Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Paul N Span
Paul N Span
Radiation Oncology, Radiotherapy and OncoImmunology Laboratory, RIMLS, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Rod T Mitchell
Rod T Mitchell
MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
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Joop J T M Heuvel
Joop J T M Heuvel
Laboratory Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Monica A Marijnissen-van Zanten
Monica A Marijnissen-van Zanten
Department of Pathology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Antonius E van Herwaarden
Antonius E van Herwaarden
Laboratory Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Christina A Hulsbergen-van de Kaa
Christina A Hulsbergen-van de Kaa
Department of Pathology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Egbert Oosterwijk
Egbert Oosterwijk
Department of Urology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Nike M Stikkelbroeck
Nike M Stikkelbroeck
Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Lee B Smith
Lee B Smith
MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
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Fred C G J Sweep
Fred C G J Sweep
Laboratory Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Hedi L Claahsen-van der Grinten
Hedi L Claahsen-van der Grinten
Department of Paediatrics, Radboud Amalia Children’s Hospital, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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literature ( 14 , 15 ). GATA transcription factors are involved in development (by regulating cell fate specification) and differentiation in all eukaryotic organisms. These factors are able to bind to a consensus DNA element, WGATAR, known as the GATA
Jiayang Lin
Jiayang Lin
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Peizhen Zhang
Peizhen Zhang
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Yan Huang
Yan Huang
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Xueyun Wei
Xueyun Wei
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Dan Guo
Dan Guo
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Jianfang Liu
Jianfang Liu
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Deying Liu
Deying Liu
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Yajuan Deng
Yajuan Deng
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Bingyan Xu
Bingyan Xu
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Chensihan Huang
Chensihan Huang
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Xiaoyu Yang
Xiaoyu Yang
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Yan Lu
Yan Lu
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Lijing Jia
Lijing Jia
Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Huijie Zhang
Huijie Zhang
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Introduction Thyroid hormones are essential for both normal development and metabolism. These actions are mediated through its two receptor isoforms, thyroid hormone receptor α (TRα) and thyroid hormone receptor β (TRβ) ( 1 ). Thyroid hormone
Renata C Scalco
Renata C Scalco
Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica, Laboratorio de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM/25, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratorio de Hormonios e Genetica Molecular LIM/42, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratorio de Hormonios e Genetica Molecular LIM/42, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Ericka B Trarbach
Ericka B Trarbach
Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica, Laboratorio de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM/25, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Edoarda V A Albuquerque
Edoarda V A Albuquerque
Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica, Laboratorio de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM/25, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Thais K Homma
Thais K Homma
Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica, Laboratorio de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM/25, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Thais H Inoue-Lima
Thais H Inoue-Lima
Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica, Laboratorio de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM/25, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Mirian Y Nishi
Mirian Y Nishi
Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratorio de Hormonios e Genetica Molecular LIM/42, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Berenice B Mendonca
Berenice B Mendonca
Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratorio de Hormonios e Genetica Molecular LIM/42, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Alexander A L Jorge
Alexander A L Jorge
Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica, Laboratorio de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM/25, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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peak bone mass and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics ( 1 ). However, individual outcomes of estrogen treatment are highly variable among these patients. For instance, uterine development descriptions range from lower than average
Richard P Steeds
Richard P Steeds
Department of Cardiology, University Hospitals Birmingham (Queen Elizabeth), NHS Hospitals Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Vandana Sagar
Vandana Sagar
Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Shishir Shetty
Shishir Shetty
Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Tessa Oelofse
Tessa Oelofse
Departments of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, University Hospitals Birmingham (Queen Elizabeth), NHS Hospitals Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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Harjot Singh
Harjot Singh
Departments of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, University Hospitals Birmingham (Queen Elizabeth), NHS Hospitals Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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Raheel Ahmad
Raheel Ahmad
Department of Cardiology, University Hospitals Birmingham (Queen Elizabeth), NHS Hospitals Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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Elizabeth Bradley
Elizabeth Bradley
Therapy Services (Dietetics), University Hospitals Birmingham (Queen Elizabeth), NHS Hospitals Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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Rachel Moore
Rachel Moore
Departments of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, University Hospitals Birmingham (Queen Elizabeth), NHS Hospitals Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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Suzanne Vickrage
Suzanne Vickrage
Birmingham Neuroendocrine Tumour Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham (Queen Elizabeth), NHS Hospitals Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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Stacey Smith
Stacey Smith
Birmingham Neuroendocrine Tumour Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham (Queen Elizabeth), NHS Hospitals Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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Ivan Yim
Ivan Yim
Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Hospitals Birmingham (Queen Elizabeth), NHS Hospitals Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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Yasir S Elhassan
Yasir S Elhassan
Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Hema Venkataraman
Hema Venkataraman
Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
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John Ayuk
John Ayuk
Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
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Stephen Rooney
Stephen Rooney
Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Hospitals Birmingham (Queen Elizabeth), NHS Hospitals Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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Tahir Shah
Tahir Shah
Birmingham Neuroendocrine Tumour Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham (Queen Elizabeth), NHS Hospitals Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
Department of Hepatology and Liver Transplantation, University Hospitals Birmingham (Queen Elizabeth), NHS Hospitals Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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Department of Hepatology and Liver Transplantation, University Hospitals Birmingham (Queen Elizabeth), NHS Hospitals Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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centralising care to a limited number of centres able to invest in the required service development and having the appropriate infrastructure for multidisciplinary care may be the best way to improve outcomes for CHD patients. Pathophysiology of CHD In
