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Jorge Gabriel Ruiz-Sánchez Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM), Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, España
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, España

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Alfonso Luis Calle-Pascual Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, España
Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, España
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, España

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Miguel Ángel Rubio-Herrera Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, España
Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, España

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María Paz De Miguel Novoa Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, España
Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, España

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Emilia Gómez-Hoyos Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, España

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Isabelle Runkle Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, España
Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, España

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Introduction Aldosterone and cortisol are the two main mineralocorticoids in humans. Under physiological conditions, aldosterone is the chief stimulatory ligand of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) in the principal cells of the distal

Article Type:
Research Article
Collections:
Adrenal
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-23-0430
Volume/Issue:
Volume 13: Issue 3
Open access
V Guarnotta Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno – Infantile, Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza ‘G. D’Alessandro’ (PROMISE), Sezione di Malattie Endocrine, del Ricambio e della Nutrizione, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy

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C Di Stefano Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno – Infantile, Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza ‘G. D’Alessandro’ (PROMISE), Sezione di Malattie Endocrine, del Ricambio e della Nutrizione, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy

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A Santoro Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno – Infantile, Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza ‘G. D’Alessandro’ (PROMISE), Sezione di Malattie Endocrine, del Ricambio e della Nutrizione, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy

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A Ciresi Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno – Infantile, Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza ‘G. D’Alessandro’ (PROMISE), Sezione di Malattie Endocrine, del Ricambio e della Nutrizione, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy

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A Coppola Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno – Infantile, Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza ‘G. D’Alessandro’ (PROMISE), Sezione di Malattie Endocrine, del Ricambio e della Nutrizione, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy

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C Giordano Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno – Infantile, Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza ‘G. D’Alessandro’ (PROMISE), Sezione di Malattie Endocrine, del Ricambio e della Nutrizione, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy

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) or cortisone acetate, requires two-three daily doses to maintain adequate plasma cortisol levels, with the highest dose administered in the morning and a lower dose in the afternoon or, if required, in the evening ( 1 ), exposing patients to

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-19-0176
Volume/Issue:
Volume 8: Issue 7
Open access
Annelies van’t Westeinde Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet and Division of Pediatrics, Unit for Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Leif Karlsson Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet and Division of Pediatrics, Unit for Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Valeria Messina Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet and Division of Pediatrics, Unit for Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Lena Wallensteen Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet and Division of Pediatrics, Unit for Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Manuela Brösamle European Patient Advocacy Group for Adrenal Diseases, European Reference Network on Rare Endocrine Conditions (Endo ERN), Endo ERN Coordinating Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Giorgio Dal Maso ArfSAG (Associazione Refionale Famiglie Sindrome Adreno Genitale) c/o Unita Operativa di Pediatria, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Bologna, Policlinico S Orsala-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy

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Alessandro Lazzerini Spanish Association of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH), Spain

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Jette Kristensen ePAG & Chair of Danish Addison Patient Association, Aarhus, Denmark

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Diana Kwast Dutch Adrenal Society NVACP, Nijkerk, The Netherlands

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Lea Tschaidse Department of Endocrinology, Medizinische Klinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany

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Matthias K Auer Department of Endocrinology, Medizinische Klinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany

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Hanna F Nowotny Department of Endocrinology, Medizinische Klinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany

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Luca Persani Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy

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Nicole Reisch Department of Endocrinology, Medizinische Klinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany

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Svetlana Lajic Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet and Division of Pediatrics, Unit for Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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, which is required for the conversion of cholesterol to cortisol and aldosterone, rendering it either partly or completely ineffective ( 2 , 3 ). Patients with classic CAH, therefore, experience glucocorticoid (GC) and mineralocorticoid deficiency

Article Type:
Review Article
Collections:
Adrenal
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-22-0400
Volume/Issue:
Volume 12: Issue 4
Open access
Agata Hanna Bryk-Wiązania Chair and Department of Endocrinology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
Department of Endocrinology, Oncological Endocrinology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, Krakow, Poland

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Mari Minasyan Department of Endocrinology, Oncological Endocrinology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, Krakow, Poland

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Alicja Hubalewska-Dydejczyk Chair and Department of Endocrinology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
Department of Endocrinology, Oncological Endocrinology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, Krakow, Poland

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Aleksandra Gilis-Januszewska Chair and Department of Endocrinology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
Department of Endocrinology, Oncological Endocrinology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, Krakow, Poland

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the number of thrombotic episodes or with the level of cortisol was observed ( 3 ). The role of hypercortisolemia in triggering thrombotic episodes is still being studied, with a possible inverse correlation between aPTT and urine free cortisol (UFC

Article Type:
Research Article
Collections:
Cardiovascular
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-23-0557
Volume/Issue:
Volume 13: Issue 9
Open access
Qiuli Liu Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China

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Lin-ang Wang Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China

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Jian Su Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medical, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China

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Dali Tong Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China

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Weihua Lan Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China

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Luofu Wang Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China

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Gaolei Liu Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China

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Jun Zhang Department of Obstetrics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China

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Victor Wei Zhang Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
AmCare Genomics Lab, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China

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Dianzheng Zhang Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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Rongrong Chen Geneplus-Beijing Institute, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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Qingyi Zhu Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medical, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China

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Jun Jiang Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China

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Introduction Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is one of the most severe disorders of metabolism with an overall incidence of approximately 1:15,000 worldwide ( 1 ). CAH encompasses a group of enzymatic deficiencies of cortisol synthesis

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-18-0273
Volume/Issue:
Volume 7: Issue 11
Open access
Andrew R Dismukes Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA

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Vanessa J Meyer Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA

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Elizabeth A Shirtcliff Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA

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Katherine P Theall Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA

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Kyle C Esteves Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA

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Stacy S Drury Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA

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stress on TL, and other subsequent biological systems known to deteriorate with aging. Pathway 2: the antiglucocorticoid hypothesis In vitro cortisol exposure is associated with decreased telomerase ( 23 ), the enzyme responsible for repairing

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-16-0007
Volume/Issue:
Volume 5: Issue 3
Open access
Takuhiro Sonoyama Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan

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Masakatsu Sone Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan

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Naohisa Tamura Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan

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Kyoko Honda Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan

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Daisuke Taura Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan

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Katsutoshi Kojima Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan

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Yorihide Fukuda Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan

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Naotetsu Kanamoto Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan

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Masako Miura Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan

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Akihiro Yasoda Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan

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Hiroshi Arai Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan

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Hiroshi Itoh Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan

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Kazuwa Nakao Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan

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cannulation was considered successful if the adrenal vein/inferior vena cava cortisol gradient (selectivity index) was >3.0. Lateralization was considered when the aldosterone:cortisol ratio (A/C) from one adrenal gland was at least three times greater than

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-14-0086
Volume/Issue:
Volume 3: Issue 4
Open access
Nidan Qiao Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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hypocortisolism with low serum cortisol (<5 μg/dL) and/or low urinary free cortisol (<20 mg per 24 h), and/or low cortisol (<1.8 mg/dL) level after 1 mg dexamethasone. Most of the studies also defined eucortisolism as remission ( 15 , 17 , 18 , 25 , 28 , 29

Article Type:
Review Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-17-0312
Volume/Issue:
Volume 7: Issue 1
Open access
Aneta Gawlik Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Endocrinology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Upper Silesia Children’s Care Health Centre, Katowice, Poland

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Michael Shmoish Bioinformatics Knowledge Unit, Lorry I. Lokey Interdisciplinary Center for Life Sciences and Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel

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Michaela F Hartmann Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany

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Stefan A Wudy Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany

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Zbigniew Olczak Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Upper Silesia Children’s Care Health Centre, Katowice, Poland

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Katarzyna Gruszczynska Department of Diagnostic Imaging, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Upper Silesia Children’s Care Health Centre, Katowice, Poland

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Ze’ev Hochberg Faculty of Medicine, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel

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previously described ( 11 ). Morning fasting venous blood samples were collected to measure lipids, glucose (GLU), insulin (INS), TSH, fT4, cortisol and aminotransferases. Plasma total cholesterol (T Chol), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-Chol) and

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-18-0536
Volume/Issue:
Volume 8: Issue 6
Open access
Efstratios Kardalas Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Evangelismos Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Stavroula A Paschou Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, ‘Aghia Sophia’ Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Panagiotis Anagnostis Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

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Giovanna Muscogiuri Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, ‘Federico II’ University of Naples, Naples, Italy

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Gerasimos Siasos First Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Andromachi Vryonidou Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Hellenic Red Cross Hospital, Athens, Greece

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and hypokalemia include 11-beta hydroxylase and 17-alpha hydroxylase deficiency, which are characterized by increased production of cortisol and aldosterone precursors due to chronic stimulation of the adrenal cortex by ACTH ( 42 ). In 11-beta

Article Type:
Review Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-18-0109
Volume/Issue:
Volume 7: Issue 4
Open access