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Mírian Romitti Thyroid Unit, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

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Vitor C Fabris Gynecological Endocrinology Unit, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, and Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

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Patricia K Ziegelmann Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology and Department of Statistics, Institute of Mathematics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

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Ana Luiza Maia Thyroid Unit, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

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Poli Mara Spritzer Gynecological Endocrinology Unit, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, and Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

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and exclusion criteria, the full text was retrieved for evaluation. Data extraction and quality control Two investigators (M R and V C F) independently reviewed the titles and abstracts of all articles identified in the initial search to assess

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Gudmundur Johannsson Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Martin Bidlingmaier Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany

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Beverly M K Biller Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Margaret Boguszewski Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil

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Felipe F Casanueva Department of Medicine, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain

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Philippe Chanson Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, and Inserm, Paris, France

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Peter E Clayton Developmental Biology & Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

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Catherine S Choong Department of Endocrinology, Princess Margaret Hospital & School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia

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David Clemmons Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA

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Mehul Dattani Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK

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Jan Frystyk Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Ken Ho Princess Alexandra Hospital and University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

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Andrew R Hoffman Department of Medicine, Stanford University and VA Palo Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA

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Reiko Horikawa National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan

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Anders Juul Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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John J Kopchick Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA

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Xiaoping Luo Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China

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Sebastian Neggers Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Pituitary Centre Rotterdam, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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Irene Netchine Service d’Explorations Fonctionnelles Endocriniennes, AP-HP, Hôpital Trousseau, Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMRs 938, Paris, France

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Daniel S Olsson Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Sally Radovick Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA

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Ron Rosenfeld Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA

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Richard J Ross University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK

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Katharina Schilbach Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany

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Paulo Solberg Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Christian Strasburger Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany

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Peter Trainer The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

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Kevin C J Yuen Barrow Pituitary Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Department of Neuroendocrinology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona, USA

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Kerstin Wickstrom Medical Products Agency, Uppsala, Sweden

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Jens O L Jorgensen Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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on behalf of the Growth Hormone Research Society
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replacement in adults with GHD include body composition and quality of life (QoL). Measurement of body composition may include waist circumference, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan for bone mineral density and content (BMD/BMC), and where available

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Bekir Cakir Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey

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F Neslihan Cuhaci Seyrek Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey

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Oya Topaloglu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey

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Didem Ozdemir Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey

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Ahmet Dirikoc Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey

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Cevdet Aydin Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey

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Sefika Burcak Polat Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey

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Berna Evranos Ogmen Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey

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Ali Abbas Tam Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey

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Husniye Baser Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey

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Aylin Kilic Yazgan Department of Pathology, Ankara Ataturk Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey

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Mehmet Kilic Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey

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Afra Alkan Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey

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Reyhan Ersoy Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey

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sign, in nearly two-thirds of surgically confirmed PAs ( 12 ). Despite the significantly improved imaging quality and advanced scientific knowledge, distinguishing between different parathyroid lesions or between parathyroid lesions and other neck

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Rasmus Reinke Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Stefano Christian Londero Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Martin Almquist Department of Surgery, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden

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Lars Rejnmark Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Lars Rolighed Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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) or their vascular supply ( 3 ). HypoPT may reduce quality of life ( 4 ) and increases both mortality ( 5 ) and morbidity ( 6 ). Morbidity for patients with hypoPT includes an increased risk of developing chronic kidney disease (CKD) and kidney

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Ulla Schmidt Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Endocrine Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine O, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev Ringvej, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark

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Birte Nygaard Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Endocrine Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine O, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev Ringvej, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark

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Ebbe Winther Jensen Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Endocrine Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine O, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev Ringvej, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark

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Jan Kvetny Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Endocrine Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine O, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev Ringvej, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark

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Anne Jarløv Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Endocrine Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine O, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev Ringvej, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark

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Jens Faber Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Endocrine Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine O, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev Ringvej, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark
Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Endocrine Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine O, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev Ringvej, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark

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monotherapy with respect to quality of life (QOL), depression and anxiety rating scales, and the patients' own preference. Our results indicate that peripheral extra-pituitary tissues can register the addition of T 3 to the substitution regimen. The European

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Rachel K Rowe Phoenix Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA

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Benjamin M Rumney BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, UK

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Hazel G May BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, UK

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Paska Permana Phoenix Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, Arizona, USA

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P David Adelson BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA

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S Mitchell Harman Phoenix Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, Arizona, USA

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Jonathan Lifshitz Phoenix Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA

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Theresa C Thomas Phoenix Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA

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impair quality of life and impede rehabilitation efforts ( 6 , 16 ), and in rare instances, increases risk for mortality ( 17 , 18 , 19 ). Pituitary hormone deficiencies or hypopituitarism, to a limited extent, are reported in TBI survivors, but the

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I M A A van Roessel Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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J P de Graaf Dutch Pituitary Foundation, Nijkerk, The Netherlands
Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Endo-ERN European Reference Network on Rare endocrine conditions

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N R Biermasz Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Endo-ERN European Reference Network on Rare endocrine conditions

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E Charmandari Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece

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H M van Santen Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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detrimental effects on the quality of life. Patients with HD may experience disturbed hunger-satiety and thirst feelings, decreased energy expenditure, behavioral problems, disturbed circadian rhythm, temperature dysregulation and pituitary dysfunction

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Marek Niedziela Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Rheumatology, Institute of Pediatrics, Karol Jonscher’s Clinical Hospital, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland

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months. Such a visit plan significantly improves the quality of life of patients. Treatment of each patient should be highly individualised, not proposing fixed intervals, because patients have different initial states and therefore require adequate

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Kevin C J Yuen Departments of Neuroendocrinology and Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, University of Arizona College of Medicine and Creighton School of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona, United States

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Gudmundur Johannsson Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Ken K Y Ho The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

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Bradley S Miller Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Minnesota Medical School, M Health Fairview Masonic Children’s Hospital, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States

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Ignacio Bergada Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET-FEI-División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Alan D Rogol Pediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States

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period is important for the attainment of normal bone mineral density, body composition, muscle mass and strength, exercise recovery, and maintaining the quality of life ( 42 ). GH stimulation testing during the transition period typically utilizes

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Ja Hye Kim Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children’s Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Yunha Choi Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children’s Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Soojin Hwang Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children’s Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Gu-Hwan Kim Medical Genetics Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Han-Wook Yoo Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children’s Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Jin-Ho Choi Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children’s Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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therapy can increase adult height and induce pubertal development, thereby preventing comorbidities and improving patients’ quality of life. Supplementary materials This is linked to the online version of the paper at https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-21

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