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Gavin P Vinson School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK

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Caroline H Brennan School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK

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(the therapeutic corticosteroid of choice at the time) was soon applied in the management of meperidine and morphine withdrawal symptoms in men (5) , apparently with beneficial effects, while Lovell associated alcoholism and drug addiction with

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Agnieszka Kosowska Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland

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Enrique Gallego-Colon Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland

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Wojciech Garczorz Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland

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Agnieszka Kłych-Ratuszny Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland

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Mohammad Reza F Aghdam Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland

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Michał Woz´niak Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland

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Andrzej Witek Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland

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Agnieszka Wróblewska-Czech Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland

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Anna Cygal Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland

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Jerzy Wojnar Department of Internal Medicine and Oncological Chemotherapy, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland

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Tomasz Francuz Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland

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compared to patients on metformin or patients without diabetes. To date, metformin has proven to give beneficial effects in patients with cancer, leading to longer survival rates, better prognosis and in vitro inducing apoptosis of some tumor cell lines

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Anette Lundqvist Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

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Herbert Sandström Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

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Torbjörn Bäckström Department of Clinical Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

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maternal and fetal levels to rise considerably, and during late pregnancy, serum concentrations of allopregnanolone peaks, up to 100 nmol/L. After birth, levels fall rapidly to basal levels ( 11 , 12 ). The hypothalamus and the brainstem regulate the

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Victoria Chatzimavridou-Grigoriadou Department of Endocrinology, Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
Department of Endocrinology, University of Manchester, School of Medical Sciences, Manchester, UK

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Lisa H Barraclough Department of Endocrinology, Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
Department of Endocrinology, University of Manchester, School of Medical Sciences, Manchester, UK

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Rohit Kochhar Department of Clinical Oncology, Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK

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Lucy Buckley Department of Radiology, Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK

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Nooreen Alam Department of Radiotherapy, Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK

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Claire E Higham Department of Endocrinology, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK

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importance of cancer treatment late effects and survivorship is being increasingly recognised. Bone toxicity, and more specifically radiotherapy-related insufficiency fractures (RRIFs), are well-established late effects of pelvic radiotherapy, with

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Angelica Sharma Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK

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Katharine Lazarus Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK

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Deborah Papadopoulou Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK

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Hemanth Prabhudev Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK

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Tricia Tan Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, North West London Pathology, London, UK

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Karim Meeran Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK

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Sirazum Choudhury Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, North West London Pathology, London, UK

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-physiological profile with supraphysiological levels in the evenings when individuals are more sensitive to the effects of cortisol ( 8 ). In comparison, prednisolone has a longer half-life attributed to the presence of a double bond between C1 and C2, thus allowing

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M Guftar Shaikh Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK
Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

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Timothy G Barrett Department of Endocrinology, Birmingham Womens and Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, UK
Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Nicola Bridges Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK

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Robin Chung Research Working Group, Prader-Willi Syndrome Association, Northampton, UK

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Evelien F Gevers Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Barts Health NHS Trust, Royal London Hospital, London, UK
Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London Medical School, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK

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Anthony P Goldstone PsychoNeuroEndocrinologyResearch Group, Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK

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Anthony Holland Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

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Shankar Kanumakala Royal Alexandra Children’s Hospital, Brighton, UK

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Ruth Krone Department of Endocrinology, Birmingham Womens and Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, UK

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Andreas Kyriakou Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK
Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Makarios Children's Hospital, Nicosia, Cyprus

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E Anne Livesey Royal Alexandra Children’s Hospital, Brighton, UK
Sussex Community NHS Trust, Brighton, UK

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Angela K Lucas-Herald Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK
Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

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Christina Meade CHI at Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Republic of Ireland

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Susan Passmore Prader-Willi Syndrome Association, Northampton, UK

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Edna Roche CHI at Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
The University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland

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Chris Smith Royal Alexandra Children’s Hospital, Brighton, UK

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Sarita Soni Learning Disability Psychiatry, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK

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in children and adolescents (CA) with PWS are well described, with weight gain and hyperphagia leading to obesity later on in childhood if access to food is uncontrolled, with premature mortality primarily due to obesity-related complications in

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Sidsel Mathiesen Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Kaspar Sørensen Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Marianne Ifversen Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Casper P Hagen Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jørgen Holm Petersen Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Anders Juul Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Klaus Müller Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Introduction Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a potentially curative treatment for children with life-threatening hematological and immunological diseases, including high-risk leukemias, but late effects are becoming prevalent

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Christian Trummer Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

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Stefan Pilz Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

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Verena Schwetz Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

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Barbara Obermayer-Pietsch Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

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Elisabeth Lerchbaum Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

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of intervention studies investigating vitamin D effects on PCOS. In the second part of the review, we will provide some information on possible mechanisms explaining the link of vitamin D with androgen metabolism in men. Further, we give an overview

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Christian Høst Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine and the Medical Research Laboratories, Clinical Institute, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark

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Anders Bojesen Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark

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Mogens Erlandsen Section for Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark

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Kristian A Groth Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark

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Kurt Kristensen Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark

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Anne Grethe Jurik Department of Radiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark

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Niels H Birkebæk Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark

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Claus H Gravholt Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine and the Medical Research Laboratories, Clinical Institute, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark

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( 20 ). The present study is the first randomized placebo-controlled study to investigate the effects of testosterone treatment on insulin sensitivity, body composition, muscle strength and maximal oxygen uptake in patients with KS using gold standard

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Adriano N Cury Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nuclear Medicine Laboratory, Pediatrics Department, Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, 01221-020 São Paulo, Brazil

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Verônica T Meira Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nuclear Medicine Laboratory, Pediatrics Department, Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, 01221-020 São Paulo, Brazil

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Osmar Monte Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nuclear Medicine Laboratory, Pediatrics Department, Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, 01221-020 São Paulo, Brazil
Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nuclear Medicine Laboratory, Pediatrics Department, Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, 01221-020 São Paulo, Brazil

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Marília Marone Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nuclear Medicine Laboratory, Pediatrics Department, Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, 01221-020 São Paulo, Brazil

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Nilza M Scalissi Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nuclear Medicine Laboratory, Pediatrics Department, Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, 01221-020 São Paulo, Brazil

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Cristiane Kochi Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nuclear Medicine Laboratory, Pediatrics Department, Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, 01221-020 São Paulo, Brazil

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Luís E P Calliari Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nuclear Medicine Laboratory, Pediatrics Department, Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, 01221-020 São Paulo, Brazil

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Carlos A Longui Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nuclear Medicine Laboratory, Pediatrics Department, Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, 01221-020 São Paulo, Brazil

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(0.7–1.6 ng/dl) 6.1 (2.8) 54 TPOAb positive (>50 IU/ml) 87% 45 TgAb positive (>50 IU/ml) 56% 43 The duration of follow-up after RAI ranged from 7 to 24 years (mean ( s.d .), 11.5 (3.6)), and no late effects of 131

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