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  • insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) x
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Alicia Romano Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA

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Juan Pablo Kaski Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases, Great Ormond Street Hospital & UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, London, UK

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Jovanna Dahlgren Department of Paediatrics, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Nicky Kelepouris US Medical Affairs, Novo Nordisk Inc., Plainsboro, New Jersey, USA

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Alberto Pietropoli Global Medical Affairs, Novo Nordisk Health Care AG, Zurich, Switzerland

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Tilman R Rohrer Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, University Children’s Hospital, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany

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Michel Polak Paediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Gynaecology Department, Hôpital Universitaire Necker Enfants-Malades, AP-HP, Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France

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weight SDS were calculated using age- and gender-specific national references. GH, growth hormone; IGF1, insulin-like growth factor I; SDS, standard deviation score. The most common concomitant medications were CNS stimulants (12

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Jose M Garcia GRECC VA Puget Sound HCS/University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA

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Beverly M K Biller Massachusetts General Hospital, Neuroendocrine Unit, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Márta Korbonits Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Endocrinology, London, UK

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Vera Popovic University of Belgrade, Medical Faculty, Belgrade, Serbia

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Anton Luger Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University, General Hospital, Vienna, Austria

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Christian J Strasburger Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Clinical Endocrinology CCM, Berlin, Germany

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Philippe Chanson Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d’Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l’Hypophyse, and Université Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris-Sud, Inserm, Signalisation Hormonale, Physiopathologie Endocrinienne et Métabolique, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France

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Ronald Swerdloff The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA

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Christina Wang The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA

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Rosa Rosanna Fleming Strongbridge Biopharma, Trevose, Pennsylvania, USA

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Fredric Cohen Strongbridge Biopharma, Trevose, Pennsylvania, USA

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Nicola Ammer Aeterna Zentaris GmbH, Frankfurt, Hessen, Germany

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Gilbert Mueller Aeterna Zentaris GmbH, Frankfurt, Hessen, Germany

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Nicky Kelepouris Novo Nordisk Inc., Plainsboro, New Jersey, USA

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Frank Strobl Novo Nordisk Inc., Plainsboro, New Jersey, USA

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Vlady Ostrow Novo Nordisk Inc., Plainsboro, New Jersey, USA

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Kevin C J Yuen University of Arizona College of Medicine and Creighton School of Medicine, Barrow Pituitary Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA

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on diagnosis and disease progression ( 17 ). Thus, except in patients with panhypopituitarism and low insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) levels, the diagnosis of AGHD often requires confirmation using a provocative GH stimulation test (GHST) ( 18

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Jin Kyu Oh Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea

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Young Jae Im Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Kwanjin Park Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Jae-Seung Paick Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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underlying molecular mechanisms have not been described, the GH–insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) axis is a proactive mediator of the actions of testosterone and its potent derivative dihydrotestosterone. Accordingly, stimulation of IGF1 signalling

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Lára Ósk Eggertsdóttir Claessen Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
Department of Emergency Medicine, Landspitali – The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland

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Hafrún Kristjánsdóttir Physical Activity, Physical Education, Sport, and Health (PAPESH) Research Centre, Sports Science Department, School of Social Sciences, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland

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María Kristín Jónsdóttir Mental Health Services, Landspitali – The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland

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Sigrún Helga Lund deCODE Genetics, Inc/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland

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Ingunn Unnsteinsdóttir Kristensen Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland

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Helga Ágústa Sigurjónsdóttir Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
Department of Medicine, Landspitali – The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland

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expensive, a biochemical marker for GHD screening would be beneficial. Serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (s-IGF1) has been proposed as a screening tool for GHD as low s-IGF1 may indicate GHD. However, its use remains debatable as s-IGF1 within normal range

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Xu Chen Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China

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Yi Tang Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China

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Shen Chen Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China

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Wenhua Ling Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China

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Qing Wang Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China

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.11.007 ) 19 Assefa B Mahmoud AM Pfeiffer AFH Birkenfeld AL Spranger J Arafat AM . Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding Protein-2, independently of IGF-1, induces GLUT-4 translocation and glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes . Oxidative

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Cecilia Follin Department of Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden

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Sven Karlsson Department of Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden

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diabetes and hypertension ( 3 , 4 ). The aims of treatment for acromegaly are to control/reduce tumour size, normalise GH and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels and to improve comorbidities. Current treatments consist of surgery, medical therapy

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Adrian F Daly Department of Endocrinology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Liège, Liège Université, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium

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Liliya Rostomyan Department of Endocrinology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Liège, Liège Université, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium

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Daniela Betea Department of Endocrinology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Liège, Liège Université, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium

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Jean-François Bonneville Department of Endocrinology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Liège, Liège Université, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium

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Chiara Villa Department of Endocrinology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Liège, Liège Université, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium
Department of Pathological Cytology and Anatomy, Foch Hospital, Paris, France

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Natalia S Pellegata Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany

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Beatrice Waser Division of Cell Biology and Experimental Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

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Jean-Claude Reubi Division of Cell Biology and Experimental Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

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Catherine Waeber Stephan Clinique Générale Ste-Anne, Fribourg, Switzerland

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Emanuel Christ Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Albert Beckers Department of Endocrinology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Liège, Liège Université, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium

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Introduction Acromegaly is a rare, classical endocrine disorder that is due to chronic excess secretion of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) that has a prevalence of 1 in 8000–14,000 of the population ( 1 , 2 , 3

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Karim Gariani Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Therapeutic Patient Education, Geneva University Hospitals and Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland

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François R Jornayvaz Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Therapeutic Patient Education, Geneva University Hospitals and Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

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insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), angiotensinogen, thrombopoetin and hepcidin. More recently, numerous hepatokines have been described ( 54 ). Among them, the liver produces Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21), a hormone also produced by the white

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Nikolaos Kyriakakis Department of Endocrinology, Leeds Centre for Diabetes & Endocrinology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
Leeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine (LICAMM), University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

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Marilena Giannoudi Department of Endocrinology, Leeds Centre for Diabetes & Endocrinology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK

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Satish S Kumar Department of Endocrinology, Leeds Centre for Diabetes & Endocrinology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK

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Khyatisha Seejore Department of Endocrinology, Leeds Centre for Diabetes & Endocrinology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
Leeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine (LICAMM), University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

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Georgios K Dimitriadis Department of Endocrinology, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, UK

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Harpal Randeva Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK

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Adam Glaser Pediatric Oncology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, UK

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Michelle Kwok-Williams Clinical Oncology, Leeds Cancer Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK

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Georgina Gerrard Clinical Oncology, Leeds Cancer Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK

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Carmel Loughrey Clinical Oncology, Leeds Cancer Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK

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Ahmed Al-Qaissi Department of Endocrinology, Leeds Centre for Diabetes & Endocrinology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK

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Ramzi Ajjan Leeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine (LICAMM), University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

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Julie Lynch Department of Endocrinology, Leeds Centre for Diabetes & Endocrinology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK

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Robert D Murray Department of Endocrinology, Leeds Centre for Diabetes & Endocrinology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
Leeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine (LICAMM), University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

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insulin tolerance test (ITT) or the glucagon stimulation test, where the ITT was contraindicated, was used to assess the integrity of the growth hormone (GH) and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axes. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and thyroid function

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Marilena Nakaguma Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil

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Fernanda A Correa Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil

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Lucas S Santana Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética, Laboratório de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM25, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil

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Anna F F Benedetti Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil

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Ricardo V Perez Serviço de Endocrinologia, Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual de São Paulo, Instituto de Assistência Médica ao Servidor Público Estadual (HSPE-IAMSPE), São Paulo, Brasil

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Martha K P Huayllas Hospital de Transplantes Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini, São Paulo, Brasil

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Mirta B Miras Hospital de Niños Santísima Trinidad, Cordoba, Argentina

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Mariana F A Funari Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil

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Antonio M Lerario Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil

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Berenice B Mendonca Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil

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Luciani R S Carvalho Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil

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Alexander A L Jorge Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética, Laboratório de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM25, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil

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Ivo J P Arnhold Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil

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-visualized posterior pituitary; TPP, topic posterior pituitary lobe. Serum levels of TSH, GH, LH, FSH, PRL, cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate, total thyroxine, free thyroxine, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), oestradiol or testosterone levels

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