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Irvin M Modlin Wren Laboratories, Yale University School of Medicine, 35 NE Industrial Road, Branford, Connecticut, USA

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Harry Aslanian Wren Laboratories, Yale University School of Medicine, 35 NE Industrial Road, Branford, Connecticut, USA

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Lisa Bodei Wren Laboratories, Yale University School of Medicine, 35 NE Industrial Road, Branford, Connecticut, USA
Wren Laboratories, Yale University School of Medicine, 35 NE Industrial Road, Branford, Connecticut, USA

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Ignat Drozdov Wren Laboratories, Yale University School of Medicine, 35 NE Industrial Road, Branford, Connecticut, USA

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Mark Kidd Wren Laboratories, Yale University School of Medicine, 35 NE Industrial Road, Branford, Connecticut, USA

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results derived from the assays of various types, including molecular pathology assays, e.g. breast cancer arrays (Mammaprint), fluorescent in situ hybridization assays, and non-nucleic acid-based assays (27) . Algorithmic analyses, using the results of

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Katherine Van Loon
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Li Zhang
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Jennifer Keiser
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Cendy Carrasco
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Katherine Glass The UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, National Comprehensive Cancer Network, University of California, San Francisco, 1600 Divisadero Street, UCSF Box 1770, San Francisco, California 94143, USA

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Maria-Teresa Ramirez The UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, National Comprehensive Cancer Network, University of California, San Francisco, 1600 Divisadero Street, UCSF Box 1770, San Francisco, California 94143, USA

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Sarah Bobiak The UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, National Comprehensive Cancer Network, University of California, San Francisco, 1600 Divisadero Street, UCSF Box 1770, San Francisco, California 94143, USA

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Eric K Nakakura
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Alan P Venook
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Manisha H Shah The UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, National Comprehensive Cancer Network, University of California, San Francisco, 1600 Divisadero Street, UCSF Box 1770, San Francisco, California 94143, USA

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Emily K Bergsland
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parenteral bisphosphonates has been a common practice since the late 1990s when results from two studies indicated that pamidronate might delay SREs in patients with breast cancer and multiple myeloma (19, 20) , bisphosphonates have not been universally

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Marco Marino Unit and Chair of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Genomic Research, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Endocrine Unit, Azienda USL of Modena, NOCSAE, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Pietro Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy
Unit and Chair of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Genomic Research, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Endocrine Unit, Azienda USL of Modena, NOCSAE, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Pietro Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy

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Valentina Cirello Unit and Chair of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Genomic Research, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Endocrine Unit, Azienda USL of Modena, NOCSAE, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Pietro Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy
Unit and Chair of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Genomic Research, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Endocrine Unit, Azienda USL of Modena, NOCSAE, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Pietro Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy

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Valentina Gnarini Unit and Chair of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Genomic Research, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Endocrine Unit, Azienda USL of Modena, NOCSAE, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Pietro Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy

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Carla Colombo Unit and Chair of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Genomic Research, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Endocrine Unit, Azienda USL of Modena, NOCSAE, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Pietro Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy
Unit and Chair of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Genomic Research, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Endocrine Unit, Azienda USL of Modena, NOCSAE, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Pietro Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy

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Elisa Pignatti Unit and Chair of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Genomic Research, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Endocrine Unit, Azienda USL of Modena, NOCSAE, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Pietro Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy
Unit and Chair of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Genomic Research, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Endocrine Unit, Azienda USL of Modena, NOCSAE, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Pietro Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy

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Livio Casarini Unit and Chair of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Genomic Research, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Endocrine Unit, Azienda USL of Modena, NOCSAE, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Pietro Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy
Unit and Chair of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Genomic Research, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Endocrine Unit, Azienda USL of Modena, NOCSAE, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Pietro Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy

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Chiara Diazzi Unit and Chair of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Genomic Research, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Endocrine Unit, Azienda USL of Modena, NOCSAE, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Pietro Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy

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Vincenzo Rochira Unit and Chair of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Genomic Research, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Endocrine Unit, Azienda USL of Modena, NOCSAE, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Pietro Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy
Unit and Chair of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Genomic Research, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Endocrine Unit, Azienda USL of Modena, NOCSAE, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Pietro Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy

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Katia Cioni Unit and Chair of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Genomic Research, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Endocrine Unit, Azienda USL of Modena, NOCSAE, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Pietro Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy

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Bruno Madeo Unit and Chair of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Genomic Research, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Endocrine Unit, Azienda USL of Modena, NOCSAE, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Pietro Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy

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Cesare Carani Unit and Chair of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Genomic Research, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Endocrine Unit, Azienda USL of Modena, NOCSAE, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Pietro Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy
Unit and Chair of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Genomic Research, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Endocrine Unit, Azienda USL of Modena, NOCSAE, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Pietro Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy

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Manuela Simoni Unit and Chair of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Genomic Research, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Endocrine Unit, Azienda USL of Modena, NOCSAE, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Pietro Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy
Unit and Chair of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Genomic Research, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Endocrine Unit, Azienda USL of Modena, NOCSAE, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Pietro Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy
Unit and Chair of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Genomic Research, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Endocrine Unit, Azienda USL of Modena, NOCSAE, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Pietro Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy

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Laura Fugazzola Unit and Chair of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Genomic Research, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Endocrine Unit, Azienda USL of Modena, NOCSAE, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Pietro Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy
Unit and Chair of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Genomic Research, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Endocrine Unit, Azienda USL of Modena, NOCSAE, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Pietro Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy

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association with PTC, as reported in the literature (5, 6, 7, 8) . For PTTG1 , four different SNPs have been considered in previous studies. Brendle et al . (19) investigated rs1862391, rs1862392, and rs2961952 in breast cancer, whereas Löfgren et al

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Daiki Kobayashi Division of General Internal Medicine Department of Medicine, St. Luke’s International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
Department of Epidemiology St. Luke’s International University Graduate School of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
Fujita Health University Toyoake, Japan

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Nagato Kuriyama Department of Epidemiology for Community Health and Medicine Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan

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Keita Hirano Department of Nephrology Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan

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Osamu Takahashi Division of General Internal Medicine Department of Medicine, St. Luke’s International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
Department of Epidemiology St. Luke’s International University Graduate School of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan

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Hiroshi Noto Department of Endocrinology St. Luke’s International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan

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cancer 68 18.1 Lung cancer 40 10.6 Colorectal cancer 38 10.1 Esophagus cancer 30 8 Breast cancer 21 5.6 Bladder and ureteral cancer 18 4.8 Liver cancer 14 3.7 Others 14 3

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Luchuan Li Department of Thyroid Surgery, General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China

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Baoyuan Li Department of Thyroid Surgery, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, China

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Bin Lv Department of Thyroid Surgery, General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China

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Weili Liang Department of Thyroid Surgery, General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China

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Binbin Zhang Department of Thyroid Surgery, General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China

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Qingdong Zeng Department of Thyroid Surgery, General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China

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Andrew G Turner Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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Lei Sheng Department of Thyroid Surgery, General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China

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). Some studies have also reported an increased risk of malignancies, including hematopoietic, breast, skin, thyroid, and urinary tract carcinoma ( 5 , 6 , 7 ). Previous studies have reported 15–75% of patients with PHPT have concomitant thyroid nodules

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Jintao Hu Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University, Chongqing, China

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Qingbo Chen Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University, Chongqing, China

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Xiao Ding Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University, Chongqing, China

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Xin Zheng Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University, Chongqing, China

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Xuefeng Tang Department of Pathology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University, Chongqing, China

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Song Li Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University, Chongqing, China

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Hui Yang Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University, Chongqing, China

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, which is an enzyme that catalyzes Gln synthesis from glutamate (Glu) and NH4+. The presence or absence of GS expression is an important survival factor after exogenous Gln depletion. Therefore, cancers such as luminal breast cancer ( 11 ), MET

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Ana P Estrada-Flórez Genome Center and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
Grupo de Citogenética, Filogenia y Evolución de Poblaciones, Facultad de Ciencias y Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Tolima, Colombia
Facultad de Ciencias para la Salud, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia

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Mabel E Bohórquez Grupo de Citogenética, Filogenia y Evolución de Poblaciones, Facultad de Ciencias y Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Tolima, Colombia

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Alejandro Vélez Dinamica IPS, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia

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Carlos S Duque Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia

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Jorge H Donado Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia

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Gilbert Mateus Hospital Federico Lleras Acosta, Ibagué, Tolima, Colombia

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Cesar Panqueba-Tarazona Universidad Surcolombiana, Neiva, Huila, Colombia

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Guadalupe Polanco-Echeverry Genome Center and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA

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Ruta Sahasrabudhe Genome Center and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA

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Magdalena Echeverry Grupo de Citogenética, Filogenia y Evolución de Poblaciones, Facultad de Ciencias y Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Tolima, Colombia

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Luis G Carvajal-Carmona Genome Center and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
Dinamica IPS, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, California, USA
Fundación de Genética y Genómica, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia

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D Huntsman S Li M John EM Torres-Mejia G Kushi L Ding YC Weitzel J , et al . Identification of novel common breast cancer risk variants at the 6q25 locus among Latinas . Breast Cancer Research 2019 3 . ( https://doi.org/10

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Kristin Ottarsdottir Primary Health Care, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Margareta Hellgren Primary Health Care, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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David Bock Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Anna G Nilsson Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Bledar Daka Primary Health Care, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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reason to believe that SHBG has its own biological effect on a cellular level. Studies in breast cancer cells exposed to estrogen have observed that SHBG, via intracellular cross talk, interferes with the pro-cancerous estrogen effect ( 32 , 33

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Jordyn Silverstein Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA

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Wesley Kidder Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA

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Susan Fisher Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA

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Thomas A Hope Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA

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Samantha Maisel Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA

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Dianna Ng Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA

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Jessica Van Ziffle Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA

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Chloe E Atreya Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA

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Katherine Van Loon Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA

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ER-positive and PR-positive breast cancer was used as a positive control. For ERβ IHC, a tonsil with reactive lymphoid hyperplasia was used as a positive control. The slides were deparaffinized in Clear-Rite™ 3 (xylene substitute) and hydrated in

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Tiina Vesterinen HUSLAB, Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

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Teijo Kuopio Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä and Department of Pathology, Central Finland Health Care District, Jyväskylä, Finland

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Maarit Ahtiainen Department of Education and Research, Central Finland Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland

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Aija Knuuttila Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Heart and Lung Center, and Cancer Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland

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Harri Mustonen Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland

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Kaisa Salmenkivi HUSLAB, Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland

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Johanna Arola HUSLAB, Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland

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Caj Haglund Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
Translational Cancer Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

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good prognosis, for example in oral squamous cell carcinoma, triple-negative breast cancer and non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) ( 8 , 9 , 10 ). Among other inflammatory cells, CD8 + T cells express membrane receptor programmed death protein 1 (PD-1

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