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Yael Sofer Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

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Nava Nevo Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

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Michal Vechoropoulos Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

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Gabi Shefer Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

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Etty Osher Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

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Nathan Landis Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

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Karen Tordjman
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Geoffrey L Hammond Departments of Cellular & Physiological Sciences and Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

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Naftali Stern Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

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of developing diabetes ( 7 ). High SHBG levels are apparently also associated with lower incidence of insulin resistance in men ( 10 ). Furthermore, cross-sectional studies in non-diabetic men and women have shown an inverse relationship between SHBG

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Chenghao Piao Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, People’s Republic of China

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Xiaojie Wang Department of Human Anatomy, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, People’s Republic of China

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Shiqiao Peng Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, People’s Republic of China

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Xinyu Guo Department of Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, People’s Republic of China

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Hui Zhao Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, People’s Republic of China

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Li He Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, People’s Republic of China

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Yan Zeng Department of Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, People’s Republic of China

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Fan Zhang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, People’s Republic of China

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Kewen Zhu Department of Human Anatomy, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, People’s Republic of China

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Yiwei Wang Department of Human Anatomy, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, People’s Republic of China

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foetus for development ( 5 ). The need for maternal insulin is an elevated result of gestational insulin resistance, which is impacted by attenuated food intake and placental hormone production. Consequently, the sizes of pancreatic β cells are enhanced

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Nadia Sawicka-Gutaj Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland

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Ariadna Zybek-Kocik Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland

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Michał Kloska Lehigh Valley Health Network, Department of Medicine, Lehigh Valley Hospital – Cedar Crest, Allentown, USA

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Paulina Ziółkowska Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland

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Agata Czarnywojtek Department of Pharmacology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland

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Jerzy Sowiński Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland

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Dorota Mańkowska-Wierzbicka Department of Gastroenterology, Internal Medicine, Metabolic Diseases and Dietetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland

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Marek Ruchała Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland

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insulin resistance and body composition. To limit the interference of individual factors, changes in three different thyrometabolic states in the same patients were also analysed. Patients and methods Study design and patient enrollment This

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Xia Wu Department of Endocrinology, Jing’an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai (Huashan Hospital Fudan University Jing’an Branch), Shanghai, China

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Zhiling Li Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

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Wenjiang Sun Department of Rehabilitation, Shanghai General Hospital, Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China

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Huan Zheng Department of Cardiology, Worldpath Clinic International, Shanghai, China

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-Hcy in PCOS women are associated with insulin resistance, excess androgens, abnormal heart rate recovery, and recurrent pregnancy loss ( 13 ). Furthermore, epidemiological studies have demonstrated that H-Hcy is significantly related to advanced AS in

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Shuqi Li Department of Endocrinology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Chenye Shi Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Haifu Wu Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Hongmei Yan Department of Endocrinology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Mingfeng Xia Department of Endocrinology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Heng Jiao Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Yang He Department of Endocrinology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Ming Zhong Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Wenhui Lou Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Xin Gao Department of Endocrinology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Hua Bian Department of Endocrinology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Xinxia Chang Department of Endocrinology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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chromatography on the Variant™ II machine (Bio-Rad). Plasma glucose levels were measured using the glucose oxidase method. Serum insulin concentration was determined by Auto DELFIA fluoroimmunoassay. The homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA

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Thomas Reinehr Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition Medicine, Vestische Hospital for Children and Adolescents Datteln, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany

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Alberto Sánchez-Guijo Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany

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Nina Lass Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition Medicine, Vestische Hospital for Children and Adolescents Datteln, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany

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Stefan A Wudy Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany

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), while obese men demonstrated decreased testosterone levels ( 4 ). Interestingly, obese women with increased androgens and obese men with low testosterone concentrations are more prone to metabolic disturbances such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes

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Amalie Carlsson Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
International Research and Research Training Center in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Copenhagen, Denmark

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Kaspar Sørensen Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
The Child and Youth Clinic, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Anna-Maria Andersson Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
International Research and Research Training Center in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Copenhagen, Denmark

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Hanne Frederiksen Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
International Research and Research Training Center in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Copenhagen, Denmark

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Anders Juul Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
International Research and Research Training Center in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Copenhagen, Denmark

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). Serious adverse health effects have been associated with high phthalate exposure such as alteration in reproductive development and increased risks of insulin resistance and obesity in human adults ( 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ). Importantly, children may be

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Laura Hasse Department of Pediatric Dermatology and Allergology, Children’s Hospital Auf der Bult, Hannover, Germany

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Dagmar Jamiolkowski Department of Pediatric Dermatology and Allergology, Children’s Hospital Auf der Bult, Hannover, Germany

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Felix Reschke Department of Pediatric Diabetology, Children’s Hospital Auf der Bult, Hannover, Germany

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Kerstin Kapitzke Department of Pediatric Diabetology, Children’s Hospital Auf der Bult, Hannover, Germany

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Jantje Weiskorn Department of Pediatric Diabetology, Children’s Hospital Auf der Bult, Hannover, Germany

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Olga Kordonouri Department of Pediatric Diabetology, Children’s Hospital Auf der Bult, Hannover, Germany

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Torben Biester Department of Pediatric Diabetology, Children’s Hospital Auf der Bult, Hannover, Germany

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Hagen Ott Department of Pediatric Dermatology and Allergology, Children’s Hospital Auf der Bult, Hannover, Germany

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-C), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides, γ-GT, GOT, GPT, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, uric acid, TSH, HbA1c, fasting glucose and fasting plasma insulin. Insulin resistance (IR) was calculated using the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) according to

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Taísa A R Vicente
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Ívina E S Rocha
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Roberto Salvatori Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, National Research Council, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe 49060-100, Brazil

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Carla R P Oliveira
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Rossana M C Pereira
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Anita H O Souza
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Viviane C Campos
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Elenilde G Santos
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Rachel D C Araújo Diniz
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Eugênia H O Valença
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Carlos C Epitácio-Pereira
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Mario C P Oliveira
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Andrea Mari Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, National Research Council, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe 49060-100, Brazil

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Manuel H Aguiar-Oliveira
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measured by homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA–IR) – despite increased fat mass percentage (6) . In these subjects, βCF – assessed by the insulin response during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) – also seems to be impaired

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Raymond J Rodgers Robinson Research Institute, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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Jodie C Avery Robinson Research Institute, School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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Vivienne M Moore Robinson Research Institute, School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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Michael J Davies Robinson Research Institute, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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Ricardo Azziz Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA

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Elisabet Stener-Victorin Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

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Lisa J Moran Robinson Research Institute, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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Sarah A Robertson Robinson Research Institute, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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Nigel K Stepto Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia

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Robert J Norman Robinson Research Institute, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
FertilitySA, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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Helena J Teede Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation (MCHRI), School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

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, central adiposity), reproductive dysfunction (infertility, menstrual irregularity, miscarriage, pregnancy complications) and metabolic complications ( 6 , 7 ). Metabolic features include insulin resistance (IR), compensatory hyperinsulinaemia and

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