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Alexander V Amram Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA

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Stephen Cutie Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA

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Guo N Huang Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA

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, 17 ). An earlier study of hyperthyroidism in neonatal rats showed daily T4 administration (5–20 mg per g body weight) impeded hyperplastic myocyte growth and promoted hypertrophic growth even after exogenous T4 cessation with sustained significant

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T Grimmichova Institute of Endocrinology, Narodni, Prague, Czech Republic
2nd Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady and Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Srobarova, Prague, Czech Republic

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M Haluzik Institute of Endocrinology, Narodni, Prague, Czech Republic
Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKEM), Videnska, Prague, Czech Republic

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K Vondra Institute of Endocrinology, Narodni, Prague, Czech Republic

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P Matucha Institute of Endocrinology, Narodni, Prague, Czech Republic

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M Hill Institute of Endocrinology, Narodni, Prague, Czech Republic

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hypo- or hyperthyroidism were re-checked for glucose disorders after reaching a euthyroid state. Basal blood samples for the determination of TSH, fT4, fT3, anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (anti-TPO), anti-thyroglobulin (anti-Tg), thyrotropin

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Sylvia Thiele Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany

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Anke Hannemann Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

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Maria Winzer Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany

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Ulrike Baschant Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany

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Heike Weidner Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany

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Matthias Nauck Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

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Rajesh V Thakker Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK

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Martin Bornhäuser Department of Medicine I, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
DFG Research Center and Cluster of Excellence for Regenerative Therapies, Technical University, Dresden, Germany

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Lorenz C Hofbauer Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
DFG Research Center and Cluster of Excellence for Regenerative Therapies, Technical University, Dresden, Germany

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Martina Rauner Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany

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formation, bone mass and strength, underlining its negative regulation of bone homeostasis ( 19 ). Blocking sclerostin using specific antibodies has already been shown to restore bone mass in conditions of estrogen deficiency ( 20 ), hyperthyroidism ( 21

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Kristine Zøylner Swan Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, Denmark

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Steen Joop Bonnema Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark

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Marie Louise Jespersen Department of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark

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Viveque Egsgaard Nielsen Department of Clinical Medicine, Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, Denmark

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hyperthyroid, 13 were subclinical hyperthyroid (4%) and 51 (16%) patients had positive anti-TPO antibodies. Seventeen patients received thyroid hormone supplementation. Of the 413 nodules included for evaluation, 325 were benign (79%) and 88 (21%) malignant

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M Krause Department of Growth and Reproduction & International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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H Frederiksen Department of Growth and Reproduction & International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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K Sundberg Center of Fetal Medicine and Pregnancy, Department of Obstetrics, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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F S Jørgensen Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark

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L N Jensen Center of Fetal Medicine and Pregnancy, Department of Obstetrics, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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P Nørgaard Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark

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C Jørgensen Center of Fetal Medicine and Pregnancy, Department of Obstetrics, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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P Ertberg Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark

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J H Petersen Department of Growth and Reproduction & International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Section of Biostatistics, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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U Feldt-Rasmussen Department of Endocrinology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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A Juul Department of Growth and Reproduction & International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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K T Drzewiecki Department of Plastic Surgery, Breast Surgery and Burns Treatment, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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N E Skakkebaek Department of Growth and Reproduction & International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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A M Andersson Department of Growth and Reproduction & International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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both verbal and nonverbal cognitive function of infants later in life ( 46 ). Hyperthyroidism during pregnancy has, on the other hand, been shown to be associated with increased risk of low birth weight and being small for gestational age ( 47 , 48

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Michael J Gratz Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany

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Stavroula Stavrou Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany

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Christina Kuhn Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany

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Simone Hofmann Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany

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Kerstin Hermelink Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany

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Helene Heidegger Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany

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Stefan Hutter Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany

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Doris Mayr Department of Pathology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany

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Sven Mahner Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany

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Udo Jeschke Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany

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Aurelia Vattai Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany

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acetyltransferase and DDC are target genes for thyroid hormones, and gene expression is regulated through those enzymes ( 11 ). Thyroid disorders such as hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are associated with miscarriages and stillbirths ( 12 ). Untreated

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Eugenie S Lim Barts Health NHS Trust, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK

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Shanty G Shah Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, QMUL, London, UK

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Mona Waterhouse Barts Health NHS Trust, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK

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Scott Akker Barts Health NHS Trust, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, QMUL, London, UK

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William Drake Barts Health NHS Trust, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, QMUL, London, UK

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Nick Plowman Barts Health NHS Trust, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, QMUL, London, UK

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Daniel M Berney Barts Health NHS Trust, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, QMUL, London, UK

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Polly Richards Barts Health NHS Trust, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK

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Ashok Adams Barts Health NHS Trust, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK

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Ewa Nowosinska Barts Health NHS Trust, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK

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Carmel Brennan Barts Health NHS Trust, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK

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Maralyn Druce Barts Health NHS Trust, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, QMUL, London, UK

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patients with thyroiditis, 9 were documented as having abnormal thyroid function prior to thyroidectomy (6 hypothyroid or compensated hypothyroid and 3 with suppressed TSH or frankly hyperthyroid), while for the 88 patients without thyroiditis, 5 were

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Giorgio Radetti Pediatrics, Regional Hospital, Bolzano, Italy

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Mariacarolina Salerno Pediatrics, University Federico II, Naples, Italy

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Chiara Guzzetti Pediatric Endocrinology, Ospedale Pedatrico Microcitemico ‘A. Cao’ – AOB Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy

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Marco Cappa Pediatric Endocrinology, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, Roma, Italy

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Andrea Corrias Divisione di Endocrinologia Pediatrica, Ospedale Infantile Regina Margherita, Torino, Italy

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Alessandra Cassio Department of Pediatrics, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

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Graziano Cesaretti Department of Pediatrics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Roberto Gastaldi Paediatric Department, Gaslini Hospital, Genova, Italy

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Mario Rotondi Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri I.R.C.C.S., ISPESL Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy

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Fiorenzo Lupi Pediatrics, Regional Hospital, Bolzano, Italy

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Antonio Fanolla Department of Biostatistics, Regional Hospital, Bolzano, Italy

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Giovanna Weber Department of Pediatrics, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy

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Sandro Loche Pediatric Endocrinology, Ospedale Pedatrico Microcitemico ‘A. Cao’ – AOB Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy

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RL & American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists medical guidelines for clinical practice for the evaluation and treatment of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism . Endocrine Practice 2002

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M Boering Isala, Diabetes Centre, Zwolle, The Netherlands

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P R van Dijk Isala, Diabetes Centre, Zwolle, The Netherlands
Isala, Department of Internal Medicine, Zwolle, The Netherlands

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S J J Logtenberg Diakonessenhuis, Department of Internal Medicine, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Langerhans Medical Research group, Zwolle, The Netherlands

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K H Groenier Isala, Diabetes Centre, Zwolle, The Netherlands
Department of General Practice, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

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B H R Wolffenbuttel Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

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R O B Gans Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

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N Kleefstra Isala, Diabetes Centre, Zwolle, The Netherlands
Langerhans Medical Research group, Zwolle, The Netherlands
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

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H J G Bilo Isala, Diabetes Centre, Zwolle, The Netherlands
Isala, Department of Internal Medicine, Zwolle, The Netherlands
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

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, elevated androgen levels, alopecia, acromegaly, hypo­thyroidism, hyperthyroidism, liver cirrhosis, and use of oral contraceptive or anti-epileptic drugs were excluded. Measurements The following data were recorded at baseline: smoking, alcohol

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Aditya Dutta Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Max Healthcare, Saket, New Delhi, India

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Ganesh Jevalikar Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Max Healthcare, Saket, New Delhi, India

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Rutuja Sharma Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Max Healthcare, Saket, New Delhi, India

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Khalid J Farooqui Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Max Healthcare, Saket, New Delhi, India

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Shama Mahendru Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Max Healthcare, Saket, New Delhi, India

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Arun Dewan Institute of Internal Medicine, Max Healthcare, Saket, New Delhi, India

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Sandeep Bhudiraja Institute of Internal Medicine, Max Healthcare, Saket, New Delhi, India

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Ambrish Mithal Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Max Healthcare, Saket, New Delhi, India

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patients treated for hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism . Lancet: Diabetes and Endocrinology 2021 9 197 – 199 . ( https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(2100028-0 ) 18 Jevalikar G Mithal A Singh A Sharma R Farooqui KJ Mahendru S Dewan A

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