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Bo Zhu Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Assisted Reproduction Unit, Sir Run Run ShawHospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wenzhou People’s Hospital, Wenzhou Women and Children Health, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Yumei Chen Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wenzhou People’s Hospital, Wenzhou Women and Children Health, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Fang Xu Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wenzhou People’s Hospital, Wenzhou Women and Children Health, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Xiaolu Shen Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wenzhou People’s Hospital, Wenzhou Women and Children Health, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Xuanyu Chen Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wenzhou People’s Hospital, Wenzhou Women and Children Health, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Jieqiang Lv Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Songying Zhang Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Assisted Reproduction Unit, Sir Run Run ShawHospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China

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) could significantly relieve ER stress and apoptosis, and improve insulin homeostasis. The ER stress is involved in the development of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia ( 31 ). Nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs) derived from visceral adipose tissue

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David P Sonne Department of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Endocrinology, Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Kildegårdsvej 28, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark
Department of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Endocrinology, Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Kildegårdsvej 28, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark

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Asger Lund Department of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Endocrinology, Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Kildegårdsvej 28, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark
Department of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Endocrinology, Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Kildegårdsvej 28, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark

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Jens Faber Department of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Endocrinology, Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Kildegårdsvej 28, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark

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Jens J Holst Department of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Endocrinology, Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Kildegårdsvej 28, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark

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Tina Vilsbøll Department of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Endocrinology, Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Kildegårdsvej 28, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark
Department of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Endocrinology, Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Kildegårdsvej 28, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark

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Filip K Knop Department of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Endocrinology, Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Kildegårdsvej 28, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark
Department of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Endocrinology, Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Kildegårdsvej 28, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark

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-coupled receptor TGR5 (2, 3, 4) . A study by Watanabe et al . (4) carried out in mice showed that cholic acid supplementation augmented energy expenditure in brown adipose tissue, caused weight reduction and improved insulin sensitivity. The effects were

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Sarah Byberg Department of Medical Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jesper Futtrup Panum Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Mikkel Andreassen Department of Medical Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jesper Krogh Department of Medical Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark

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nonfatal coronary artery disease and those who did not ( 13 ). Prolactin receptors are widely distributed in the liver ( 14 ), endocrine pancreas ( 15 ) and in adipose tissue ( 16 ) pointing to a possible direct metabolic effect of prolactin. A number of

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Katarzyna Wyskida Health Promotion and Obesity Management Unit, Department of Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty of Silesia in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland

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Grzegorz Franik Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Medical Faculty of Silesia in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland

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Tomasz Wikarek Department of Gynecology, Medical Faculty of Silesia in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland

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Aleksander Owczarek Department of Statistics, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland

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Alham Delroba Health Promotion and Obesity Management Unit, Department of Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty of Silesia in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland

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Jerzy Chudek Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty of Silesia in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland

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Jerzy Sikora Department of Perinatology and Gynecology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland

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Magdalena Olszanecka-Glinianowicz Health Promotion and Obesity Management Unit, Department of Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty of Silesia in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland

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results. It is well known that visceral fat deposits are the place of steroid hormones’ metabolism and the main source of adipokines and hormones ( 26 , 27 ). It should also be mentioned that adipose tissue expresses androgen, estrogen and progesterone

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Nadia Sawicka-Gutaj Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland

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Ariadna Zybek-Kocik Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland

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Michał Kloska Lehigh Valley Health Network, Department of Medicine, Lehigh Valley Hospital – Cedar Crest, Allentown, USA

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Paulina Ziółkowska Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland

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Agata Czarnywojtek Department of Pharmacology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland

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Jerzy Sowiński Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland

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Dorota Mańkowska-Wierzbicka Department of Gastroenterology, Internal Medicine, Metabolic Diseases and Dietetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland

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Marek Ruchała Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland

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Introduction The adipose tissue is a well-established source of multiple circulating peptides that are responsible for various metabolic effects ( 1 ). Visfatin/NAMPT (nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase) has been recently recognized as an

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Caishun Zhang Special Medicine Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China

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Junhua Yuan Special Medicine Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China

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Qian Lin Special Medicine Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China

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Manwen Li Special Medicine Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China

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Liuxin Wang Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Department, Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, China

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Rui Wang Special Medicine Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China

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Xi Chen Physiology Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China

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Zhengyao Jiang Physiology Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China

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Kun Zhu Intensive Care Unit Department, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China

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Xiaoli Chang Institute of Acupuncture, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China

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Bin Wang Special Medicine Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
Medical Microbiology Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China

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Jing Dong Special Medicine Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
Physiology Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China

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intake, body weight and enhance uncoupling protein1 (UCP-1) expression in brown adipose tissue (BAT) ( 20 ). However, the acute and chronic effects and mechanisms of ghrelin in the LPBN on feeding behavior and energy expenditure are yet to be elucidated

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Yansu Wang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China

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Yun Shen Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China

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Tingting Hu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China

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Yufei Wang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China

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Xiaojing Ma Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China

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Haoyong Yu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China

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Yuqian Bao Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China

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state, adipose tissue could secrete more clusterin to the bloodstream. In addition, it is reasonable to speculate that inflammatory situations enhance the release of clusterin from adipose tissues or from the liver, as obesity is usually associated with

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Souad Daamouch Department of Medicine III and Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany

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Sylvia Thiele Department of Medicine III and Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany

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Lorenz Hofbauer Department of Medicine III and Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany

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Martina Rauner Department of Medicine III and Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany

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is characterized by an expansion of adipose tissue with potentially high Dkk1 expression ( 15 ), we hypothesized that Dkk1 produced by adipocytes could play a key role in HFD-induced bone loss. Therefore, our primary objective was to assess the impact

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A V Dreval
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I V Trigolosova
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I V Misnikova
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Y A Kovalyova
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R S Tishenina
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I A Barsukov
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A V Vinogradova
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B H R Wolffenbuttel Moscow Regional Scientific Research Clinical Institute, Department of Endocrinology, 61/2 Shepkina str., 129110 Moscow, Russia

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increase in insulin resistance (decrease in glucose uptake and glycolysis and increase in availability of free fatty acids) in adipose tissue and muscles, and to an increase in gluconeogenesis in hepatocytes (21) , and indeed, a significant correlation

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Helle Keinicke Insulin and Device Trial Operations, Novo Nordisk A/S, Søborg, Denmark

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Gao Sun Pharmacology and Histopathology, Novo Nordisk A/S, China

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Caroline M Junker Mentzel Department of Experimental Animal Models, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark

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Merete Fredholm Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark

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Linu Mary John Global Obesity and Liver Disease Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark

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Birgitte Andersen Global Obesity and Liver Disease Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark

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Kirsten Raun Global Obesity and Liver Disease Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark

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Marina Kjaergaard Global Obesity and Liver Disease Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark

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at least 10% needs to be achieved ( 9 ). Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a hormone expressed primarily by the liver and adipose tissue. Treatment with FGF21 induces weight loss in rodents, non-human primates and early clinical trials ( 10 , 11

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