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Vitamin D metabolism Vitamin D regulates mineral ion homeostasis and skeletogenesis ( 1 ). The synthesis process of vitamin D initiates in the skin and is processed further in the liver and kidney to generate bioactive vitamin D. The
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gene ( 33 ), active vitamin D metabolites may indirectly reduce the expression of the FGF23 gene by suppressing hyperparathyroidism. Secondly, the expression of several proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin 1 (IL1), IL6 and TNF, can induce
Department of Diabetes & Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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Department of Diabetes & Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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Department of Ophthalmology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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Department of Diabetes & Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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Introduction Graves’ disease (GD) and Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO) are both complex autoimmune diseases that are caused by an interplay of environmental factors and genetic susceptibility ( 1 ). Risk factors such as smoking, emotional stress
Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Genetic Medicine, 5th Floor Research, Genetic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
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Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Genetic Medicine, 5th Floor Research, Genetic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
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Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Genetic Medicine, 5th Floor Research, Genetic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
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.16 171.85 1087.41 1.00 Purkinje cell protein 4 PCP4 0.36 185.70 513.42 1.00 Homeobox C6 HOXC6 2.40 615.78 256.07 0.99 Homeobox A10 HOXA10 1.40 311.76 223.27 0.55 Homeobox A9 HOXA9 1.83 346.95 189.98 1.00 Interleukin 13 receptor, alpha 2 IL13RA2 6.27 779
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Introduction Fetuin-B is synthesized and secreted by the liver, widely exists in blood circulation and in the kidneys, lungs, and ovaries, and is encoded by FETUB gene ( 1 ). This gene is distributed in eight exons of human chromosome 3q27
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display heightened levels of circulating inflammatory markers such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-1β, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), as well as decreased plasma levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines
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Introduction Graves’ disease (GD) characterized by diffuse goiter, thyrotoxicosis, and ophthalmopathy is an organ-specific autoimmune disease, with a prevalence of about 1% ( 1 ). GD is a multifactorial disease that genetic predisposition
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Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center at the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Duesseldorf, Germany
German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
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suggesting a contribution of hepatic inflammation to systemic IR. For instance, in hepatitis C virus infection, hepatic inflammation increases circulating levels of interleukin 1, tumour necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 6, which all can stimulate IR ( 40
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Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental 2019 92 82 – 97 . ( https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2018.11.014 ) 36 Tilg H Moschen AR Szabo G . Interleukin-1 and inflammasomes in alcoholic liver disease/acute alcoholic hepatitis and nonalcoholic fatty liver
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Introduction The increasing worldwide prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes, which are closely associated with the development of NAFLD, has become a major healthcare problem ( 1 ). NAFLD encompasses a broad spectrum of disorders ranging