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Ahmet Uçar
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Nihal Hatipoğlu Pediatric Endocrine Unit, Pediatric Endocrine Unit, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, 34093 Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey

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Rüveyde Bundak
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Feyza Darendeliler
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Linder B Rosenfeld RG Saenger P DiMartino-Nardi J . The roles of insulin sensitivity, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), and IGF-binding protein-1 and -3 in the hyperandrogenism of African-American and Caribbean Hispanic

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Sheila Leone Department of Pharmacy, G. d’Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy

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Lucia Recinella Department of Pharmacy, G. d’Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy

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Annalisa Chiavaroli Department of Pharmacy, G. d’Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy

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Claudio Ferrante Department of Pharmacy, G. d’Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy

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Giustino Orlando Department of Pharmacy, G. d’Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy

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Michele Vacca Department of Pharmacy, G. d’Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy

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Roberto Salvatori Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

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Luigi Brunetti Department of Pharmacy, G. d’Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy

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Introduction Growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone (GHRH), GH and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), in addition to their recognised metabolic and endocrine effects, play a pivotal role in brain functions ( 1 , 2 ). Serum GH and IGF-1

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Thomas Reinehr Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition Medicine, Vestische Children’s Hospital, University of Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany

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Martin Carlsson Endocrine Care, Pfizer Inc, New York, New York, USA

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Dionisios Chrysis Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece

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Cecilia Camacho-Hübner Endocrine Care, Pfizer Inc, New York, New York, USA

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( 14 ). It is well known that GH and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) have also an impact on bone age ( 4 , 26 , 27 ). Therefore, deficiencies in GH and IGF-I lead to growth impairment and bone age delay, while overproduction or administration of GH

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María L Bacigalupo Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Verónica G Piazza Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Nadia S Cicconi Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Pablo Carabias Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Andrzej Bartke Department of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics Research, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois, USA

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Yimin Fang Department of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics Research, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois, USA

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Ana I Sotelo Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Gabriel A Rabinovich Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, and Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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María F Troncoso Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Johanna G Miquet Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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metabolism. This hormone is secreted by the pituitary gland and acts directly on target cells by signaling through its membrane-associated receptor. GH also promotes insulin-like growth factor type 1 (IGF1) synthesis, principally in the liver, which then

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Lukas Plachy Department of Pediatrics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, V Úvalu, Prague, Czech Republic

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Petra Dusatkova Department of Pediatrics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, V Úvalu, Prague, Czech Republic

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Klara Maratova Department of Pediatrics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, V Úvalu, Prague, Czech Republic

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Shenali Anne Amaratunga Department of Pediatrics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, V Úvalu, Prague, Czech Republic

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Dana Zemkova Department of Pediatrics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, V Úvalu, Prague, Czech Republic

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Vit Neuman Department of Pediatrics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, V Úvalu, Prague, Czech Republic

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Stanislava Kolouskova Department of Pediatrics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, V Úvalu, Prague, Czech Republic

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Barbora Obermannova Department of Pediatrics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, V Úvalu, Prague, Czech Republic

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Marta Snajderova Department of Pediatrics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, V Úvalu, Prague, Czech Republic

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Zdenek Sumnik Department of Pediatrics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, V Úvalu, Prague, Czech Republic

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Jan Lebl Department of Pediatrics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, V Úvalu, Prague, Czech Republic

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Stepanka Pruhova Department of Pediatrics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, V Úvalu, Prague, Czech Republic

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Polychronakos C Allen DB Cohen LE Quintos JB Rossi WC Feudtner C & Murad MH . Guidelines for growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I treatment in children and adolescents: growth hormone deficiency, idiopathic short stature, and primary

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Dan Liang Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Han Chen Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Li-Yong Zhong Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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/mL). Impairment to growth hormone–insulin-like growth factor-1 (GH/IGF1): children with growth retardation or adults with obvious hypometabolic syndrome had IGF1 levels below 2 s.d. than their peers and had additional pituitary hormone deficiencies. Impairment

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Antonia Ertelt Equine Clinic, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany

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Ann-Kristin Barton Equine Clinic, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany

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Robert R Schmitz Equine Clinic, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany

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Heidrun Gehlen Equine Clinic, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany

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caused primarily by activation of ETRA located in smooth muscle of blood vessels (122) . In addition, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), a polypeptide with close structural homology to insulin and well-known effects in terms of activating cell

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Jordyn Silverstein Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA

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Wesley Kidder Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA

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Susan Fisher Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA

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Thomas A Hope Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA

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Samantha Maisel Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA

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Dianna Ng Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA

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Jessica Van Ziffle Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA

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Chloe E Atreya Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA

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Katherine Van Loon Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA

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of a precursor lesion or rapid growth and metastasis. Relevant molecules include cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) family members. One study found that COX-2 mRNAs were abundant in CRCs and were low to undetectable in

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Charlotte Höybye Department of Endocrinology and Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden

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Beverly M K Biller Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Jean-Marc Ferran Qualiance ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Murray B Gordon Allegheny Neuroendocrinology Center, Division of Endocrinology, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

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Nicky Kelepouris US Medical Affairs-Rare Endocrine Disorders, Novo Nordisk, Inc, Plainsboro, New Jersey, USA

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Navid Nedjatian Global Medical Affairs – Rare Endocrine Disorders, Novo Nordisk Health Care AG, Zurich, Switzerland

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Anne H Olsen Epidemiology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Soborg, Denmark

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Matthias M Weber Unit of Endocrinology, 1, Medical Department, University Hospital, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany

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, cardiovascular; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; GH, growth hormone; GHD, growth hormone deficiency; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; IGF-I, insulin-like growth factor-I; n/N , number of participants; SBP, systolic blood pressure

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Giulia Bresciani Section of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy

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Angeliki Ditsiou Department of Biochemistry and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK

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Chiara Cilibrasi Department of Biochemistry and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK

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Viviana Vella Department of Biochemistry and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK

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Federico Rea Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Marco Schiavon Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Narciso Giorgio Cavallesco Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy

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Georgios Giamas Department of Biochemistry and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK

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Maria Chiara Zatelli Section of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy

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Teresa Gagliano Department of Biochemistry and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK

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treated with sunitinib 5 μM, linsitinib 5 μM and elotinib with or without growth factors (IGF1 100 nM, EGF 30 nM and VEGF 50 ng/ml) for 72 h ( 30 ). Control cells were treated with vehicle alone (DMSO). After incubation, the revealing solution was added

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